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Algae from Extremophilic Conditions and Their Potential Applications
Published in Shashi Kant Bhatia, Sanjeet Mehariya, Obulisamy Parthiba Karthikeyan, Algal Biorefineries and the Circular Bioeconomy, 2022
Ashiwin Vadiveloo, Tasneema Ishika, David Chuka-Ogwude, Mohammadjavad Raeisossadati, Ângelo P. Matos
Lutein is a yellowish to red-orangish coloured high-value pigment (Borowitzka, 2013). Lutein exhibits enhanced antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capabilities, it helps to reduce stress and cortisol, and symptoms of sub-optimal emotional and physical health (Malavasi et al., 2020; Varshney et al., 2015). Green microalgae Chlorella zofingensis, Chlorella protothecoides, Scenedesmus almeriensi, and Muriellopsis sp. all contain lutein. Among these species, Muriellopsis sp. and Scenedesmus almeriensis have been cultivated on a large scale for lutein production. Muriellopsis sp. contains 0.4–0.6% of lutein per dry biomass (Borowitzka, 2013). The psychrophiic microalgae Chlamydomonas nivalis and Raphidonema sp., thermotolerant microalgae Desmodesmus sp. and heavy-metal-tolerant microalgae Coccomyxa melkonianii have been all been shown to produce a high percentage of lutein per dry biomass (Malavasi et al., 2020). Lutein is an excellent antioxidant that protects tissues from the adverse effect of free radicals. Lutein is used in nutraceutical products recommended for eyes as it can reduce 40% light incidence that damages the retina (Manayi et al., 2016).
Lutein: A Nutraceutical Nanoconjugate for Human Health
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
Ishani Bhat, Bangera Sheshappa Mamatha
The amount of lutein consumed in the diet is the foremost factor that influences its oral bioavailability (Figure 11.2). However, the processing conditions dietary sources undergo majorly influence the changes in the source matrix and molecular linkages. The reduction in lutein concentration in plant sources starts right from the harvest. Green-leafy and yellow vegetables have been observed to contain the highest lutein concentration at maturity, followed by a decrease at hypermaturity (Lefsrud et al. 2007; Ma et al. 2015). Lutein is prone to degradation by light and heat. Exposure to cooking, frying, baking, and other extreme conditions can lower lutein content in the food (Gutiérrez-Uribe et al. 2014; Shen et al. 2015). Simple processing techniques such as peeling have slight detrimental effects on carrot lutein (Ma et al. 2015). When maize undergoes nixtamalisation, lutein content is enhanced. However, when it is baked and converted to tortillas, lutein level drops down to the initial quantity (Gutiérrez-Uribe et al. 2014). Cooking foxtail millets also results in paling of the millets indicating a loss of yellow pigments (Shen et al. 2015). However, reducing the cooking time and increasing the pressure can subsequently lower the carotenoid losses in vegetables (Sánchez et al. 2014). Nevertheless, blanching and enzyme liquefaction can improve lutein and zeaxanthin levels in vegetables (Ma et al. 2015; Mamatha et al. 2012).
Terpenoids in Treatment of Liver Disease
Published in Dijendra Nath Roy, Terpenoids Against Human Diseases, 2019
Sujan Chatterjee, Debajyoti Patra, Pujita Ghosh, Akash Prasad, Kaustav Dutta Chowdhury
Lutein, one of hundreds of known naturally oxygenated carotenoids, is abundantly present in vegetables, fruits and egg yolks. Lutein consists of a carbon chain with nine conjugated dienes and a hydroxylated cyclic hexenyl structure at each side; owing to its special chemical structure, it has potential anti-oxidant properties and has decreased oxidative stress–mediated liver injury (Souza-Mello et al. 2015). It has effectively augmented mRNA and protein levels of key molecules related to insulin signalling, which were suppressed by a high fat diet. PPAR-α plays an important role in the regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism given that the inhibition of PPAR-α might induce hepatic steatosis (Souza-Mello et al. 2015). Lutein supplementation reversed such PPAR-α inhibition effectively by restoring the expression of SIRT1, which is associated with insulin signalling. All of these results suggest the beneficial effects of lutein on NAFLD. Guinea pigs that were pre-treated with lutein displayed no such significant alteration even after being fed an hypercholesterolaemic diet. Data comparing treated and untreated mice suggests a reduction in TBARS content and nuclear localization of NF-κβ followed by DNA binding. Besides beneficial effects in the presence of a high cholesterol diet, lutein exerts both anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects that can be explained by attenuated NF-κB DNA binding activity (Souza-Mello et al. 2015). Lutein pre-treatment also reduced ALT, AST, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and LDH production and release to plasma. Reports also indicate that lutein is capable of reducing cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and iNOS protein expression and stimulating Nrf2 nuclear localization. Accordingly, it may be concluded that in addition to the maintenance of inherent anti-oxidant properties it protects the liver from alcoholic, hyperglycaemic or hypercholesterolaemic stress.
Study on release of cardamom extract as an antibacterial agent from electrospun scaffold based on sodium alginate
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2021
Shima Najafi, Adeleh Gholipour-Kanani, Niloofar Eslahi, S. Hajir Bahrami
Natural extract loaded nanofibrous scaffolds have been widely used and studied in drug release and antimicrobial applications because of their biocompatibility and biodegradability. Han et al. (2019) studied the characteristics and release properties of lutein-loaded PVA/SA nanofibers prepared by electrospinning. They used lutein as a natural pigment and an excellent antioxidant, which was extracted from vegetables, flowers, fruits, and certain algae organisms. The electrospun PVA/SA nanofibers were cross-linked with a mixture of glutaraldehyde and saturated boric acid solution at room temperature. XRD analysis showed that lutein was present in the stable amorphous state in the PVA/SA nanofibers. The drug release kinetics revealed that the release of the lutein was through non-Fickian diffusion mechanism.
Chromatographic modeling of free lutein derived from marigold flowers
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2020
Weerawat Clowutimon, Pimporn Ponpesh, Panatpong Boonnoun, Artiwan Shotipruk
Marigold flower (Tagetes eracta L.) is one of the richest sources of carotenoids, especially lutein. It has been reported to have antioxidant and anticancer properties and be able to prevent various diseases such as cataracts and age-related macular degeneration (Vasudevan et al., 1997; Zorn et al., 2003; Alves-Rodrigues and Shao, 2004; Gao et al., 2009). Lutein in marigold flowers is generally found in the form of lutein fatty acid esters with fatty acids occupying the sites of hydroxyl group (Piccaglia et al., 1998; Ingkasupart et al., 2015). In this form, lutein cannot readily be absorbed by human body. After solvent extraction of the esterified lutein, the extract therefore needs to undergo de-esterification, or the reaction with an alkali solution to convert the esterified form of lutein into free lutein, which is a more active form (Vechpanich and Shotipruk, 2010; Sarkar et al., 2012). After this step, the de-esterified sample or free lutein requires further purification to remove remaining impurities such as fatty acid, wax, soaps, glyceride, and un-reacted lutein ester, so as to be suitable for human consumption, generally 95% purity (Khachik, 2001; Madhavi and Kagan, 2007).
A review on microalgae biofuel and biorefinery: challenges and way forward
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Lakhan Kumar, Navneeta Bharadvaja
Lutein (approx. market price 2.5 USD/g and global market value of 233 million USD per annum), a xanthophyllic compound, has extensive application in food, feed, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical product formulations. It finds its application in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases due to its high anti-oxidative activities. It is also used as colorant and food additives (Bhalamurugan, Valerie, and Mark 2018). Lutein is predominantly found in fruits and flowers. Microalgae, due to their proven advantages in terms of yield per unit area and water consumption, have started replacing conventional sources of lutein e.g. maize, egg yolk and petals of the marigold flower. The microalgae Scenedesmus almeriensis cultivated for lutein production yielded 4.77 mg-l−1d−1. Other prominent microalgae exploited for lutein production are Scenedesmus almeriensis, Chlorella sp. (C. protothecoides, C. Zofingiensis), Chlorococcum citriforme, and Neospongiococcus gelatinosum, etc. Lutein productivity can be enhanced by optimizing the growth conditions and introducing chemical and genetic engineering (Bhalamurugan, Valerie, and Mark 2018). Apart from several other value added compounds can be extracted from microalgal biomass including β-carotene approx. market price 0.6 USD/g and global market value of 261 million USD per annum), and phycobiliproteins (phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, phycoerythrin and phycoerythrocyanin) of global annual market value of 60 million USD. Dunaliella salina, Dunaliella bardawil, and Scenedesmus almeriensis have been exploited for β-carotene production while Arthrospira platensis, Amphanizomenon floa-aquae, and Spirulina sp., are major microalgae which can be used for Phycobiliproteins production (Barkia, Saari, and Manning 2019).