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Dyes and Auxiliaries for Textile Printing
Published in Asim Kumar Roy Choudhury, Principles of Textile Printing, 2023
Locust bean gum (LBG) is a polysaccharide which is extracted from seeds of Ceratonia siliqua (carob tree, or locust bean tree). LBG is also known as carob bean gum or carob gum. LBG is a type of galactomannan with a high molecular weight. LBG bears a close structural and chemical resemblance to guar gum. However, LBG possesses functional properties that are quite distinct different from guar gum. LBG, unlike other hydrocolloids, is only partially soluble in water at room temperature. LBG is soluble in water with the addition of heat, dissolving in water above 80°C. Also, LBG solution does not form a gel by itself, but increases in viscosity at higher temperatures and forms a gel when synergized with other types of hydrocolloids such as xanthan, kappa-carrageenan and agar. The carob tree produces pods which contain the brown colored, hard seeds or beans. The pods are processed to separate the seeds, peel off their skins, split the seeds and separate the germ from the endosperm. The endosperm is milled and ground to produce the LBG flour or powder.
Preparation of a stable gel-in-crystallized oil-in-gel type structured W1/O/W2 double emulsions: effect of internal aqueous phase gelation on the system stability
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2023
Wenjuan Wang, Rui Sun, Zhe Dong, Suping Ji, Qiang Xia
κ-Carrageenan (κ-C) is a linear sulfated polysaccharide. In general, the κ-C in aqueous solution is known to form thermally reversible gels with changes in temperature.[13,14] The sol-to-gel transition occurs due to the coil-to-helix conformational transition upon cooling and the subsequent aggregation between ordered helices.[15] Adversely, the gel-to-sol phase transition occurs as a result of the destruction of the gel structure on reheating. Carrageenan in the external aqueous phase could stabilize double emulsions by preventing aggregation of inner emulsion droplets, and in the internal aqueous phase, increased the encapsulation efficiency.[16] Locust bean gum (LBG) is a popular neutral polysaccharide used as a thickener and stabilizer depending on its thickening and gelling property in the food industry.[17] The compound system of κ-C/LBG was found to be favorable in modifying the physicochemical properties of the gelling networks [15,18] Emulsions prepared using κ-C/LBG by a simple one-step process showed reversible gel-sol transformation, tunable microstructure, and interesting rheological properties.[19]
Flotation Separation of Galena from Pyrite in a Low-Alkalinity Media Using Welan Gum as a New Depressant
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 2023
Shuai Ning, Bin Pei, YinYu Ma, Jialei Li, Ruizeng Liu, Dianwen Liu
It is well known that sulfide minerals undergo hydroxylation as a function of pH. Since galena has a lower corrosive current than pyrite, oxidation would be easier for pyrite than for galena (Hu, Sun, and Wang 2009). It can be expected that, in the open-air flotation pulp system, iron- hydroxide species will appear on the corresponding mineral surface more rapidly and in greater quantities than lead-hydroxide species due to oxidation and hydrolysis reactions. Therefore, the difference originates from the formation process of metal hydroxide species making the selective adsorption of welan gum on the pyrite surface possible. These points are corroborated by the work of Shen et al. (2021) for the interaction of locust bean gum with pyrite. On the other hand, it is notable that the adsorption results for welan gum followed the table of electron affinity (AS) for metal species in Pearson’s absolute hardness research (Parr and Pearson 1986). Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions have respective AS values of 16.18 eV and 30.6 eV, while Pb2+ions have an AS of 15.03 eV. Thus, the surface iron-hydroxide species on minerals exhibit greater electron affinity compared to lead- hydroxide species, resulting in stronger interaction with welan gum. This facilitates the selective depression of pyrite from galena.
Low-grade heat from solar ponds: trends, perspectives, and prospects
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
Farbod Esmaeilion, Abolfazl Ahmadi, Mehdi Aliehyaei
In SGSPs non-convective layers have comprised of salt gradient layers. SGSPs have some problems in the term of environment issues. Possibilities of salt gradient leakage and needs maintenances in these zones are the main disadvantages. In this case, by using transparent polymer gel as a non-convective layer, respective difficulties would be eradicated. Utilising polymer gel due to its specific properties, like low thermal connectivity and solid behaviours in the phase term, will be helpful (Shaffer 1978; Taga, Matsumoto, and Ochi 1990). Different types of gels such as Gelatin, Locust bean gum, and Starch have required specifications. They are capable to operate up to 60°C and transmit solar radiation efficiently but their economical aspects and being high price materials put them as the second option (Garg 2012).