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Psychopathology
Published in Richard Kerslake, Elizabeths Templeton, Lisanne Stock, Revision Guide for MRCPsych Paper A, 2018
Being a core material in Li-ion batteries, lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12) possesses many advantages, especially the high-power properties. We know that rechargeable batteries play an important role in energy resource technologies, including electronic devices, i.e., laptops, cell phones, iPods, modulated planes, electric vehicles (EVs), and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). The critical mechanism of batteries is operated by the electric supply and chemical energy, which is characterized through the unique charging and discharging process (shown in Figure 17.3). These processes mainly arise from the rapid ion transports in the internal circuit, based on their special mechanism. The up-to-date batteries come into existence with common advantages, e.g., high capacity, large output voltage, long-term stability, and friendliness with the chemical environments. A typical battery generally consists of the critical anode, cathode, and electrolyte materials. The diverse combinations of three significant components would form many advantages and disadvantages based on the high-performance criteria.
Large-Scale Energy Storage
Published in Huamin Zhang, Huamin Zhang, Xianfeng Li, Jiujun Zhang, Redox Flow Batteries, 2017
Since 2000, lithium titanate has been developed and used as a new anode material [24]. Compared with conventional graphite anode material, lithium titanate has some advantages, such as no volume changes, stable discharging voltages, high lithium diffusion coefficients, resistance to lithium dendrites, and so on, all of which meet the requirements in the field of electrical vehicles. Battery working voltages usually range from 2.4 to 3.0 V, and charging currents reach 2 A.
Valorization of resources from end-of-life lithium-ion batteries: A review
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Francine Duarte Castro, Mentore Vaccari, Laura Cutaia
A positive and a negative electrode, separated by a separator and an electrolyte, form the LIB cells. The most common anode active material in Li-ion batteries is graphite. Lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12; LTO) is another anode material that is used to a much lesser extent. A polymer binder, usually polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), connects the anodes active material to a copper conductor plate. For cathodes, the most used active materials are LiCoO2 (LCO), LiNixCoyAlzO2 (NCA), LiNixCoyMnzO2 (NCM or NMC), LiMn2O4 (LMO) and LiFePO4 (LFP), and the conductor plate is made of aluminum (Harvey, 2018; Zeng et al., 2014).