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Reprotoxic and Endocrine Substances
Published in Małgorzata Pośniak, Emerging Chemical Risks in the Work Environment, 2020
Katarzyna Miranowicz-Dzierżawska
Lithium is also used in a number of industrial sectors: lithium oxide is used in the melting of silicon dioxide, a material for the manufacture of glass and ceramic products; lithium is used in lithium-ion batteries; lithium soap is used for oil densification and the production of universal greases; lithium is also used in the production of tritium [Wasilonek 2019].
Electrochemical Energy Storage
Published in Alfred Rufer, Energy Storage, 2017
A lithium-ion cell is different from the lithium metal cell at the side of the negative electrode where the pure lithium is replaced by a compound capable of inserting and disinserting lithium ions (Figure 4.5). The lithium-ion concept uses two materials that allow the reversible exchange of lithium ions. The negative electrode (anode) is a thin layer of graphite in which atoms of lithium have been inserted (LiC6). For the positive electrode (cathode), a lithium oxide of a transition metal such as LiCoO2 can be used. The liquid electrolyte is usually a hexafluorophosphate of lithium (LiPF6) mixed with a solution (carbonate mixture) [3].
Assessing the Lithium Potential of the Paleoproterozoic Rocks of the West African Craton; the Case so Far
Published in Geosystem Engineering, 2023
In addition to being essential components in low-melting-point glasses and lubricants, lithium and its compounds enable sustainable energy and transportation via rechargeable batteries for electric vehicles and electronic products. The demand for Li-ion batteries for energy storage and electric vehicles is expected to increase as a result of government and private sector initiatives promoting sustainable technology and off-grid power storage. Multiple lithium compounds, including lithium carbonate (Li2CO3), lithium oxide (Li2O), and lithium hydroxide (LiOH), are manufactured. Lithium is a highly reactive metal used to manufacture energy-dense rechargeable batteries for electronic devices such as laptops, mobile phones, electric vehicles, and grid storage (Suryatna et al., 2022). In recent years, the demand for lithium-ion batteries has increased dramatically, driving global exploration and permitting the consideration of new lithium projects. In 2021, batteries accounted for 74% of total demand (Figure 3).
Thermodynamic modelling of spodumene decrepitation
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, 2022
The effects of the amount of lithium oxide on the equilibrium amounts of the lithium-containing and the non-lithium-containing species are shown in Figures 9(a) and 9(b), respectively, at the control decrepitation temperature. As shown in Figure 9(a), the three spodumene phases begin to form with increasing lithium oxide and their amounts increase continuously with lithium oxide. The maximum amount of spodumene occurs at a lithium oxide addition of 0.21 kmol and the spodumene fraction is 0.95. This lithium oxide addition is slightly lower than the lithium oxide amount of 0.22 kmol present in the concentrate, where the fraction of spodumene formed was 0.92. This reflects the hypostoichiometric amount of alumina in the concentrate, which limits the maximum amount of spodumene. Subsequently, the amount of spodumene remains relatively constant before decreasing at a lithium oxide amount of 0.32, due the presence of increasing amounts of the lithium silicates and aluminates. The equilibrium amount of lithium oxide is small, decreasing during the formation of the spodumene polymorphs, reaching a maximum with the maximum amount of spodumene and then decreasing again. As shown in Figure 9(b), initially both the alumina and the silica contents decrease with increasing lithium oxide as the spodumene polymorphs are formed. Due to the limited amount of alumina, it is totally consumed at the lithium oxide addition of 0.21 kmol.
Hydrochloric acid regeneration in hydrometallurgical processes: a review
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, 2018
Caitlyn McKinley, Ahmad Ghahreman
In 2014, Reed Resources Ltd was granted a patent for a novel lithium hydroxide process in Australia. This process involves a hydrochloric acid leach of a lithium oxide material followed by electrolysis to produce the lithium hydroxide product and regenerate the hydrochloric acid (Reed Resources Ltd. 2014). They state that a successful semi-pilot scale plant achieved 200 hours of operation with 80% efficiency. The Mt Marion lithium project in Western Australia has recently produced their first batch of lithium using the Reed Resources Ltd. patent; however, this method of hydrochloric acid regeneration is limited to the patented lithium application due to the favourable ore type and desired final product.