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Green Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties and Spectroscopic Applications
Published in Kaushik Pal, Nanomaterials for Spectroscopic Applications, 2021
Muammer Din Arit, Md Asadur Rahman, Md Mahmudul Hague Milu, Abu Bakar Siddik, Md Enamul Hogue
Hydride materials such as sodium aluminum hydride ( NaAlH4 ), ammonia borane ( NH3BH3 ) and lithium borohydride ( LiBH4 ) have been identified. Graphene, carbon aerogels and nanoporous silica scaffolds, among others, have been investigated as porous materials due to their large surface area and pore depth. These will allow a major contribution to solid-state hydride-based storage of hydrogen reinforced content by supplying a functional support network along with a hydride enclosure and a percolated heat transfer network (Khalid et al., 2016; Yadav et al., 2015).
Crystallization and Structural Linkages of COFs
Published in Atsushi Nagai, Covalent Organic Frameworks, 2019
Previously, Sneddon et al. obtained boron nitride by pyrolysis of polyborazylene polymer that had been obtained by thermal polymerization of borazine B3N3H6 [38]. N- or B-substituted borazines are also interesting compounds that may also be polymerized. These polymers, via pyrolysis at high temperatures, could lead to ceramic-like boron nitride and boron carbonitride [38, 39]. N-substituted borazines are accessible by the thermolysis of primary amine-borane complexes RNH2·BH3, usually prepared by the reaction of lithium borohydride with primary amine salts [40]. Manners and coworkers prepared borazines from NH3·BH3 or CH3NH2·BH3 at a low temperature (45°C) [41]. Kinetic studies showed that the rate-determining step for both substrates is the loss of the last H2 molecule, which have been demonstrated to be fast only at high temperatures [42], leading to the dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC) concept. As shown in Eq. 2.4, a 99% yield of tri-N-phenylborazine could be obtained from PhNH2·BH3 only after 30 min. at 120°C.
Study of Polar Region Atmospheric Electric Field Impact on Human Beings and the Potential Solution by IPMC
Published in Srijan Bhattacharya, Ionic Polymer–Metal Composites, 2022
Suman Das, Srijan Bhattacharya, Subrata Chattopadhyay
Shahinpoor et al. [105] presented the first review among the four about the IPMC, where it is said that the IPMC is a perfluorinated polymer membrane which is sandwiched with electroplated platinum (Pt) on both sides and polymers having ion exchange capability. The IPMC material belongs to the ionic EAP class where the actuation is caused by ion diffusion. IPMC can be used as actuators and sensors. These polymer films are Nafion or Flemion. In Nafion-based IPMCs, the slow relaxation is towards the cathode, whereas in Flemion-based IPMCs, the slow relaxation continues the initial fast motion towards the anode. The ion exchange polymers refer to polymer design to selectively exchange ions of a single chain (cations or anions) with their own initial ions. They also said that the manufacturing process follows two major steps: First, the initial compositing process and, second, the surface electroding process. Polymers are treated with an ionic salt solution of platinum ammine (with free ion, Pt(NH3)HCl) of a metal and then chemically reduced to yield IPMCs. The polymer is soaked in the salt solution, which makes the platinum-containing cations diffuse through the ion exchange process. The reducing agents such as LiBH4 (lithium borohydride) or NaBH4 (sodium borohydride or sodium tetrahydridoborate) are used to metalize the polymer. The bending force of IPMC is generated by the effective redistribution of hydrated ions and water; basically, it is an ion-induced hydraulic actuation phenomenon. This bending force is dependent of the electric field and the length of the IPMC. The advantage of the IPMC is that it can be used in both air and water.
Hydrogen production through the cooperation of a catalyst synthesized in ethanol medium and the effect of the plasma
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
Mehmet Sait Izgi, Erhan Onat, Hilal Çelik Kazici, Ömer Şahin
Hydrogen is released as a result of alkaline and soil alkaline metal hydrides and the hydrolysis of complex hydrides such as sodium hydride (NaH), sodium aluminum hydride (NaAlH4), sodium borohydride (NaBH4), lithium hydride (LiH), lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4), lithium borohydride (LiBH4), calcium hydride (CaH2), calcium borohydride (Ca(BH4)2), magnesium hydride (MgH2), magnesium borohydride (Mg(BH4)2), potassium hydride (KH), potassium borohydride (KBH4). The resulting hydrogen is pure and does not contain catalyst poisons for the fuel cell. Most of these hydrides react very rapidly with water (Staubitz, Robertson, and Manners 2010). In comparison with other hydrides, the hydrolysis of NaBH4 in an aqueous environment is quite remarkable. The biggest advantages of producing hydrogen from hydrides are that NaBH4 is not flammable when in the solution, the catalyst used is suitable for reuse, the hydrogen can be recycled at room temperature and NaBH4 has a 20% hydrogen storage property by weight.
A review on fuel cell electric vehicle powertrain modeling and simulation
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021
Eda Alpaslan, Sera Ayten Çetinkaya, Ceren Yüksel Alpaydın, S. Aykut Korkmaz, Mustafa Umut Karaoğlan, C. Ozgur Colpan, K. Emrah Erginer, Aytaç Gören
Hydrogen can be safely stored at room temperature and pressure in chemical hydrides such as sodium borohydride, lithium borohydride, ammonia borane, and dimethyl amine borane. These materials undergo hydrolysis in the presence of a catalyst to release hydrogen. The most commonly used material among chemical hydrides is sodium borohydride (NaBH4) and the general hydrolysis reaction of this material is written as (Ahluwalia, Hua, and Peng 2012);