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Solid State Batteries
Published in P.J. Gellings, H.J.M. Bouwmeester, Electrochemistry, 2019
Thin-film solid state microbatteries with lithium borate glass, B2O3-0.8Li2O, as a solid electrolyte and InSe as a cathodic material have been built using the flash-evaporation system,114 with an area of 1 cm2 and a cathode mass of 1.5 to 8 mg. The microbattery has been formed on silica substrate by the deposition of the successive layers: platinum current collectors (0.2 μm thick), InSe cathode (5 μm thick), lithio-borate glass, and lithium film (4 μm thick). The electrolyte film of thickness of 0.5 μm was made from BLiO2+Li2O, evaporated at 1100°C, while the metallic lithium anode film was fabricated at the rate of 5 μm h−1 from a boat heated at 500°C. An amorphous B2O3-3Li2O film was grown which exhibits an ionic conductivity of 4.5 × 10-8 S cm−1 at room temperature and an activation energy of 0.62 eV.
Evolution of Structures
Published in Stuart R. Stock, MicroComputed Tomography, 2018
Sintering/cementation of powders has also been studied by microCT (Bernard et al., 2000; Lame et al., 2003, 2004; Bernard et al., 2005; Fu et al., 2005; Pfister et al., 2005; Vagnon et al., 2006; Vaucher et al., 2007); research areas include analysis of rapid prototyped material and evolution of materials with nanoparticulate precursors. Bernard and coworkers employed local tomography to quantify porosity elimination and neck evolution in a glass powder and in a lithium borate powder over 1.6 × 104 s at 700 and 720ºC, respectively; growth of necks was particularly well illustrated by matched pairs of renderings, one showing the solid phase and the second the complementary void space (Bernard, 2005; Bernard et al., 2005).
Source of arsenic bearing detrital minerals in shallow aquifer of southeastern Bangladesh
Published in Yong-Guan Zhu, Huaming Guo, Prosun Bhattacharya, Jochen Bundschuh, Arslan Ahmad, Ravi Naidu, Environmental Arsenic in a Changing World, 2019
The major element composition of bulk dried and powdered sediments were determined by X-ray fluorescence (VXQ-160S, Shimadzu) using glass bead samples, which were prepared by fusion of sediment samples with lithium borate (1:3 ratio). Calibration lines were obtained using glass beads made by the same procedure with reference sedimentary rock samples (sedimentary rock series, JSd-1, JSd-2, JSd-3, JSI-1 and JLk-1; Geological Survey of Japan). Analytical error for major elements was within ±3%, estimated using the duplicate standard samples.
Cobalt enrichment in some ores of the Bergslagen province, south central Sweden
Published in GFF, 2023
Of our total set, 240 samples were analysed for Co, and the resulting concentrations range from less than 1 ppm to more than 10 000 ppm (average is 260 ppm and median is 19 ppm). The majority of the samples are visibly mineralised (macroscopically), with some additional, mainly non-mineralised, altered host-rocks. The samples were analysed on different occasions over a few years at the ALS laboratory in Vancouver, Canada. Major elements were analysed by ICP-AES following lithium metaborate fusion, base metals by ICP-AES after four-acid digestion, S by induction furnace, and trace elements, including REE were analysed by ICP-MS after lithium borate fusion dissolution. The remaining trace elements were extracted by aqua regia digestion prior to ICP-MS analyses. The small size of some of the historical samples did not allow for ICP-AES analyses, and in these cases, all elements were therefore analysed by ICP-MS.
Volcanogenic processes and petrogenesis of the early Pleistocene andesitic-dacitic Maungatautari composite cone, Central Waikato, New Zealand
Published in New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 2020
Marlena L. Prentice, Adrian Pittari, Shaun L. L. Barker, Vicki G. Moon
Major element geochemical analysis was conducted using the Bruker S8 Tiger X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer at the University of Waikato. Major element abundances cited in the text and shown on diagrams were recalculated to total 100 wt% on an anhydrous basis. Trace and rare earth elemental analysis employed LA-ICP-MS where samples were prepared using the method outlined by Eggins (2003), which utilises lithium borate glass fusion beads following standard preparation procedures for XRF analysis. Data was acquired using static spot analyses with a laser beam diameter of 30 µm (60 µm for NIST standards). A summary of LA–ICP–MS analytical parameters is provided as supplementary information. Abundances of SiO2 from XRF analyses, in addition to NIST 612 were used to calibrate LA-ICP-MS results (Eggins 2003). Two international MPI-Ding standards, StHs6/80-G and ML3B-G, were used to ensure data quality as they are of andesitic and basaltic composition respectively, which is similar to the rock types found at Maungatautari. Mean replicate abundances of Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Sm, Dy, Ho, Th and U are within ± c. 5% of the recommended values (Jochum et al. 2005). Sc, V, Rb, Y, Cs, Eu, Gd, Er, Yb and Pb are within ± c. 10% of the values in Jochum et al. (2005) with measurements of Nd for StHs6/80-G higher by ca 25%–35%. Sn demonstrated poor precision for both standards with values at least 50% higher than those stated by Jochum et al. (2005) and was subsequently not used.
HCl-doped poly (para-nitro aniline-co-para-toluidine) thin film as a gamma ray dosimeter
Published in Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids, 2021
H. M. Diab, A. Ibrahim, I. H. El Azab, M. H. Abdel-Aziz, M. Sh. Zoromba, M. Bassyouni, A. F. Al-Hossainy, S. A. El-Attar
Radiation processing offers many advantages in different fields. The usage of radiation in different fields such as medical, agricultural, and industrial applications has improved radiation science research to obtain new dosimetric materials (1, 2). Although the advantages of radiation are huge, ionizing radiation may be considered to stimulate also genetic defects and cancer (3, 4) Many authors studied thermoluminescence (TL) glow curves using thermoluminescent technique characteristics for radiation dosimetry (5–12). Thermoluminescence is a process to examine crystal defects and estimations of radiation dose in solids. There are numerous examination strategies concerning thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) materials and their TL behavior related to various radiation sorts, for example, alpha, UV, gamma, neutron irradiation, etc. (13–15). Optical and luminescence characteristics are based on the appearance of specific defects other than a combination of these defects at various areas furthermore the molecular shape and size (16). Different studies about gamma-ray induce variation in thermoluminescence rare-earth doping materials have been attained (17). Oxygen vacancies and a group of defects can be made by gamma radiation and enclosed in a material in the bandgap among conduction band and valence band, which are moving to the conduction band by taking in thermal energy from exterior sources and recombine with a contrary charge of the free holes or electrons, resulting in TL signal released. Also, polymers irradiation got an adequate way to deal with modified polymer properties characteristics significantly (18–23) resulted in thermal and mechanical properties improvements due to the formation of crosslinking initiated by radiation (24–28). Additionally, PVA/PEG blend γ- irradiated showed an improvement in tensile mechanical properties (29) and demonstrated more color change and thermal stability than the non-irradiated samples (30, 31). Due to Glass has a tissue comparable nature and capacity to have brilliant activators, so that, Thermoluminescence for tellurite glasses doped with uncommon earth has been used (32–34). Likewise, thermoluminescence kinetic parameters were additionally examined for binary lead-silicate glasses (35), magnesium phosphate glass TL reaction (36), and lithium borate glass which TL dosimetric properties have been estimated (37). Likewise, spectroscopic assessments of Li2O–P2O5–TeO2–CuO glasses have been examined (38). Rare Earth (RE)-doping is suggested for use in optoelectronics and numerous applications in assessment dose estimations. Also, optical properties investigation of Y2O3 doped with CuO nanomaterial has a great function for fiber optics besides laser fabrications (39). Finally, commercial monocrystalline silicon solar cell of the construction n + pp++ Passivated Emitter Solar Cell (PESC)(100 cm2) irradiated by using 60Co gamma-ray dose was studied as reported in previous works (40).