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Lead Toxicity
Published in Debasis Bagchi, Manashi Bagchi, Metal Toxicology Handbook, 2020
Rokeya Pervin, Md. Akil Hossain, Dipti Debnath, Mohiuddin Ahmed Bhuiyan
Lipoic acid, also known as α-lipoic acid, is a naturally occurring organosulfur compound that is synthesized in animals, plants, and humans. Alpha lipoic acid is an antioxidant and found in many foods, such as carrots, potatoes, spinach, beets, and red meats [105]. This antioxidant is soluble both in water and fat which enables it to play its role in both aqueous and fatty regions of the body, and hence believed it as a universal antioxidant [106]. Alpha lipoic acid shows its antioxidative effect in two ways: first, it attacks ROS and prohibits lipid peroxides formation, and second, it regenerates and replenishes other antioxidants, such as vitamin C, vitamin E, etc. [107]. Alpha lipoic acid is usually used in combination with other chelating agents because of the inability of this antioxidant to chelate metal and the efficiency of this compound to persistently restrain the developed oxidative stress. It is found in a study that lipoic acid can significantly improve the lead-induced pathologic conditions on the liver, kidneys, and erythrocyte membranes by reverting the generated oxidative stress [108]. Alpha lipoic acid is reported to remove lead more effectively from the brain than from any other organs like kidneys, liver, and other soft tissues [109].
Cardiovascular Disease and Oxidative Stress
Published in Peter Grunwald, Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis, 2019
Marco Fernandes, Alisha Patel, Holger Husi
Experimental therapeutic agents in pre-clinical drug development focus on a broad spectrum with transition-state inhibitors, stabilizing agents and targeted drugs against various diseases. There are experimental therapeutics focused towards CVD and associated causes of oxidative stress and one experimental therapeutic group of compounds constantly being studied and tested are antioxidants. Yet, there are limitations on experimental therapeutic agents because the pathophysiology for specific CVDs are not addressed and analyzed (Sovari and Dudley, 2012), such as ion channel blockage of sodium channels and limitations on the catheter ablation that is used for tissue destruction for blocking focal activity (Xiao, 2011). Several experimental drugs are being tested as therapeutic agents to lessen the effect of oxidative stress species in various experimental cell-based and animal models of cardiovascular disease (Table 7.6) and their potential preclinical use assessed in many clinical trials (Table 7.7). Currently there are three sources of experimental therapeutic drugs that have been approved in combating oxidative stress species in CVD. Quercetin is a polyphenolic flavonoid found originally in plants. It is a dietary antioxidant that comes from fruits, vegetables, leaves and grains. Rhein is an anthraquinone that is obtained from the rhubarb plant and considered to be one of many medicinal plants. Lipoic acid is an organosulphur compound that is naturally produced within the body and essential for metabolism, though it can be administered from an external source as well.
Protective effects of natural compounds against paraquat-induced pulmonary toxicity: the role of the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Hasan Badibostan, Nastaran Eizadi-Mood, A. Wallace Hayes, Gholamreza Karimi
Alpha lipoic acid (LA), a naturally occurring organosulfur compound with potent antioxidant properties, is present in plants, animals, and humans (Szeląg et al. 2012). The ameliorative effect of this active component was observed in PQ-induced oxidative injuries in bronchial epithelial cells grown in culture (Iles et al. 2005). LA reduced the elevated levels of ROS, LDH, and malondialdehyde (MDA) in BEAS-2B cells. LA up-regulated the expression of Nrf2 and its downstream targets including HO-1, CAT, GPXs, and NQO1 in PQ-treated cells. The cytoprotective effect of HO-1 in pulmonary cells has also been reported (Iles et al. 2005). Due to its catalytic activity, NQO1 protects cells against the harmful effects of quinones and their metabolic precursors (Kim et al. 2013). The Keap1/Nrf2/ARE complex controls the expression of NQO1. Dinkova-Kostova and Talalay have demonstrated that induction of NQO1 is correlated with the reduction of susceptibilities to oxidative damage (Dinkova-Kostova and Talalay 2010).
A comprehensive review of sustainable approaches for synthetic lubricant components
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2023
Jessica Pichler, Rosa Maria Eder, Charlotte Besser, Lucia Pisarova, Nicole Dörr, Martina Marchetti-Deschmann, Marcella Frauscher
The α-lipoic acid (5-[1,2]-dithiolan-3-yl-pentanoic acid) occurs naturally in plants and animals. It is a cofactor of several enzymes and possesses antioxidative properties. Derivatives of lipoic acids are potential natural and environmentally friendly alternatives to toxic additives due to their cyclic disulfide moiety. First tribological tests of selected lipoyl esters in synthetic base fluid indicate good anti-wear properties (139).