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Lignin in Biological Systems
Published in Severian Dumitriu, Valentin Popa, Polymeric Biomaterials, 2020
Plant lignans from sources such as flaxseeds, whole grain cereals, berries, vegetable, and fruits are metabolized in the colon by microflora into enterodiol and enterolactone. Previous research has focused on plant lignans as reducing risk of prostate cancer and improving menopause health, gene health, breast health, heart health, hair loss, acne, and inflammation. The metabolites of lignans may also be beneficial for people with colorectal adenomas growth in the colon and rectum that are considered to be precursors for colorectal cancer. The benefits of lignans appeared to be dose dependent meaning that a higher plasma level of the metabolites enterodiol and enterolactone were associated with a greater benefit. A plasma level of enterolactone of more than 26.3 nmol/L was associated with a reduction in the risk of colorectal adenomas of 37%, compared with people with intakes of less than 4.6 nmol/L.
Bioactive Compounds in agricultural and Food production Waste
Published in Quan V. Vuong, Utilisation of Bioactive Compounds from Agricultural and Food Waste, 2017
Nenad Naumovski, Senaka Ranadheera, Jackson Thomas, Ekavi Georgousopoulou, Duane Mel lor
These fiber-related polyphenols are very common in foods with significant amounts of fiber, such as whole-grain products (Landete 2012). Additionally, lignans are also found in other food sources, such as nuts and oilseeds, cereals and breads as well some fruits with varying levels of concentrations (Manach et al. 2004, Landete 2012). A food source with the highest amount of lignans is flaxseed (around 300 mg/100 g) followed by sesame seeds (up to 30 mg/100 g), sunflower seeds (0.89 mg/100 g) and cashew nuts (0.63 mg/kg). Cereals also present a significant source of lignans with highest amounts being detected in rye (8.6 mg/100 g), wheat (3.2 mg/100 g) and oat (2.3 mg/100 g). Vegetables have high levels of lignans (0.19–2.3 mg/100 g) in sources such as cabbage, Brussel sprouts and kale, while the range of lignans in fruits is reported to range from 0 (banana) to 0.45 mg/100 g for apricot (Landete 2012).
Scope of the Problem
Published in Jason W. Birkett, John N. Lester, Endocrine Disrupters in Wastewater and Sludge Treatment Processes, 2002
Scientists have focused their attention on the two main groups of phytoestrogens: the isoflavones and the lignans. The isoflavones are found in soybeans and other legumes, while lignans are produced from the microbial breakdown in the gut of grains, fibers, and several fruits and vegetables. The structures of these types of compounds are given in Figure 1.3. Isoflavones have a diphenolic structure that resembles the structure of the potent synthetic estrogen, diethylstilbestrol. Daidzein and genistein are the two major isoflavone compounds found in humans (Figure 1.3). Lignans possess a 2,3-dibenzylbutane structure and are essentially the precursors of the formation of lignins, which are produced in plant cell walls. Structures of the steroid compounds.
Characterization of green synthesized flaxseed zinc oxide nanoparticles and their cytotoxic, apoptotic and antimigratory activities on aggressive human cancer cells
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2021
Suray Pehlivanoglu, Cigdem Aydin Acar, Soner Donmez
Flax production dates back to 6000 B.C. and is considered one of the oldest and useful product has been used as a phytoremediation tool.[29] It contains essential antioxidants such as fatty acids, omega-3 and 6 fatty acids, linoleic acid (LA), α-linolenic acid (ALA) and lignan essential for maintaining human health. For example, lignans play a protective role in the colon by neutralizing toxic substances and supporting gut microbiota.[30,31] There are substantial evidences that flaxseeds had various bioactivities such as anticancer, antiobesity, and antidiabetic activities. Epidemiological evidences show that flaxseed fatty acids reduce the risk of cancer.[32] In detail, the flaxseeds showed strong anticancer effects against colon, breast and prostate cancers.[33–35]
Histopathological, cytotoxicological, and genotoxic effects of the semi-synthetic compound dillapiole n-butyl ether in Balb/C mice
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2020
Daniel Luís Viana Cruz, Tania Cristina Sumita, Mayla Silva Leão Ferreira, Junielson Soares da Silva, Ana Cristina da Silva Pinto, José Fernando Marques Barcellos, Míriam Silva Rafael
Many plants of the genus Piper have potential insecticidal effects (Estrela et al. 2006; Fazolin et al. 2007; Scopel et al. 2018; Silva et al. 2007). Although histopathological studies of their effects on mammals are scarce, the pathological alterations observed in the liver, kidneys, and heart may be attributed to the dillapiole. This organic compound contains a methylenedioxyphenyl group, which is a constituent of a number of lignans (Belzile et al. 2000). Lignans are phenolic substances found in plants, which may display anticancer, anthelmintic, and antiviral effects in animals and humans (de Paulis Carlis et al. 2019; Macedo et al. 2019; Niwa et al. 2016) but may also produce adverse effects, such as irritation, scarring, and tissue necrosis (Ebeye et al. 2007).
Human exposure to synthetic endocrine disrupting chemicals (S-EDCs) is generally negligible as compared to natural compounds with higher or comparable endocrine activity. How to evaluate the risk of the S-EDCs?
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2020
Herman Autrup, Frank A. Barile, Sir Colin Berry, Bas J. Blaauboer, Alan Boobis, Herrmann Bolt, Christopher J. Borgert, Wolfgang Dekant, Daniel Dietrich, Jose L. Domingo, Gio Batta Gori, Helmut Greim, Jan Hengstler, Sam Kacew, Hans Marquardt, Olavi Pelkonen, Kai Savolainen, Pat Heslop-Harrison, Nico P. Vermeulen
In addition, the intake of N-EDCs may be higher for menopausal women who consume soy-based preparations as an alternative to steroid hormones. Isoflavone dose suggestions listed on marketed packages vary between 20 and 80 mg isoflavone per day. Moreover, prenyl flavonoids can be found in hops and end up in beer. High concentrations of coumestans are found in legumes and clover sprouts. Lignans are formed from lignan precursors by intestinal bacteria. Lignans are formed by intestinal bacteria from lignan precursors found in flaxseeds, whole grains, fruits and vegetables, sesame seeds and legumes all adding to the human body burden of N-EDCs.