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Soil Washing Treatability Studies
Published in Donald F. Lowe, Karen L. Duston, Carroll L. Oubre, C. Herb Ward, Douglas A. Hlousek, Thomas A. Phillips, of Firing Range Impact Berms, 2016
Donald F. Lowe, Karen L. Duston, Carroll L. Oubre, C. Herb Ward, Douglas A. Hlousek, Thomas A. Phillips
Without complex ion formation, the solubility of lead chloride would be limited in the presence of the high chloride content, Cl−1 at 0.2027 mole/L. For example, the solubility product for a lead content of 0.0168 mole/L would be: Kso=[Pb+2][Cl−1]2=(0.0168)(0.2027)2=6.90×10−4
Lead-induced modification of growth and yield of Linum usitatissimum L. and its soil remediation potential
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2023
Adnan Khan, Athar Ali Khan, Mohd Irfan, Mohd Sayeed Akhtar, Syed Aiman Hasan
Seeds of L. usitatissimum were procured from the Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Lucknow, India and steeped in deionized water overnight before being sowed in 12-inch earthen pots filled with garden soil the next day. Doses of Pb are selected based on the background level of Pb present in normal soil. Normally, Pb is present in the range of 01–30 mg kg−1 soil in Aligarh and NCR, New Delhi area (Ghasera et al. 2021; Rani et al. 2021). Therefore, the selected doses for this experiment are 10–50 times multiple the normal range of Pb. Pb levels of 150, 450, and 750 mg in the form of lead chloride (PbCl2) Kg−1 of soil were applied to the soil. Each treatment was replicated thrice and the pots were arranged in a simple random block design (SRBD). Control pots received no lead chloride (PbCl2). The plants were grown under ambient environmental conditions and irrigated with double distilled water just enough to keep the soil moist constantly without efflux of water from the drainage hole of the pot.
Material Metabolism and Environmental Emissions of BF-BOF and EAF Steel Production Routes
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 2018
Xiaoling Li, Wenqiang Sun, Liang Zhao, Jiuju Cai
Table 4 gives the emissions data of six harmful heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) for each process in the two routes. As shown in Table 4, the contribution rates of the basic oxygen furnace and the electric furnace towards heavy metal emissions are relatively large, accounting for 37.9% and 37.5%, respectively, of the total emissions. In contrast, the contribution rate of the ironmaking process is relatively small, accounting for just 5.1% of total heavy metal emissions. The largest contributor of Pb emissions is the sintering process, accounting for 75.6% of total emissions, much higher than that of any other process. As long as the sinter material contains chloride, lead chloride is produced, which is a very unstable gas (very small PbC12 crystals), and easily volatile. For particularly fine particles, even sophisticated electrostatic precipitators are not very good at trapping the dust, thus leading to a significant amount of lead emissions. The largest contributor to Zn emissions is the electric arc furnace, which accounts for 34.7% of total Zn emissions. Zn mainly comes from ores and raw materials with high zinc content. Zn and Pb are the two most abundant heavy metals emitted to the atmosphere during iron and steel production, accounting for 64.1% and 19.6%, respectively, of total emissions. Thus, in terms of heavy metal emissions, the advantages of the EAF route is not obvious compared to the BF-BOF route. However, if current issues with Zn metal recycling (Teo et al., 2014; Kukurugya et al., 2015; Mombelli et al., 2016; Miki et al., 2016) can be effectively addressed, there will be a clear advantage in terms of environmental protection with the EAF route.
Toxicity and bioremediation of the lead: a critical review
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Khushhal Kumar, Devinder Singh
Lead is a blue-grey metal naturally present in small amounts in the earth’s crust and one of the first metals discovered by humans. Lead can be found in a number of compounds, including lead chloride, lead nitrate, lead acetate, lead oxide, and lead chromate and it is the most toxic heavy element in the eco-system (Flora et al. 2012; Wani et al. 2015). It is growing environmental pollutants and through exposure to air, water and food sources, affects all biological systems (Patra et al. 2011). Lead exposure causes pathological changes in the kidney and endocrine system via toxicity and in the case of animal’s high levels of lead also cause reproductive failure (Jadhav et al. 2007).