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Study on synthesis of polycarbonate by melt transesterification
Published in Binoy K. Saikia, Advances in Applied Chemistry and Industrial Catalysis, 2022
E. Yongsheng, Bin Liu, Fang Yang
It can be showed from Figure 2 that lanthanum acetylacetonate has the best catalytic effect, and the molecular weight of the product can reach 30,000. In this experiment, lanthanum acetylacetonate is used as the catalyst.
Problems of Unsustainability
Published in Susan Krumdieck, Transition Engineering, 2019
Batteries store energy for mobile applications, and public interest has been high in utility-scale battery energy storage (BES) facilities to manage intermittent production from solar and wind and to meet peak demand. Batteries will be covered in more detail in later chapters, but the main unsustainability problems of batteries are the fact that they consume finite materials, often use hazardous materials, require energy to produce and incur an energy penalty when used. Storing electricity in a battery requires two conversions from electricity to chemical potential, then back to electricity. Because most electricity production and use are AC, there may also be inverters used to convert AC to DC, which must be used for all batteries. Energy conversion and rectification/inversion consume energy. Using a battery incurs an energy penalty of 10%–40%. Everyone will be familiar with the one-time use of non-rechargeable batteries, and the finite number of useful charge cycles for rechargeable batteries. Lanthanum is a rare earth material now widely used in lithium batteries. Table 2.5 gives some energy values from cradle-to-gate assessments carried out since 1979 for battery materials (Sullivan and Gaines 2010). Lithium-ion batteries are not currently recycled. The energy and cost of materials is also important because the energy used to extract and manufacture things like batteries and wind turbines would be produced from fossil fuels.
Emerging Trends in Nanotechnology for Diagnosis and Therapy of Lung Cancer
Published in Alok Dhawan, Sanjay Singh, Ashutosh Kumar, Rishi Shanker, Nanobiotechnology, 2018
Nanda Rohra, Manish Gore, Sathish Dyawanapelly, Mahesh Tambe, Ankit Gautam, Meghna Suvarna, Ratnesh Jain, Prajakta Dandekar
Lanthanides, also called rare earth metals, comprise the metallic elements with atomic numbers 57 (lanthanum) to 71 (lutetium). Lanthanide nanoparticles (LNPs) have been primarily utilized for tagging receptors on the cell surface to facilitate diagnosis and/or delivery of biological macromolecules like nucleic acids and proteins (Wang et al. 2010). Their inherent photoluminescent properties facilitate upconversion of low energy light (NIR) to high-energy light (UV–Vis), due to which they have been named upconverting NPs (UCNPs). UCNPs generate a higher-energy output photon from two or more low-energy photons, which is one of the key reasons for upconversion. The photoexcitable property of UCNPs in the NIR (biological window) region limits any background cellular absorption and autofluorescence (Bandyopadhyay et al. 2015).
Solvent Extraction, Sequential Separation and Trace Determination of La (III), Ce (III), Nd (III) and Gd (III) with 2, 14-bis[m-nitrophenyl]-Calix[4]Resorcinarene-8, 20-bis[N- phenylbenzo]-dihydroxamic Acid
Published in Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange, 2023
C. R. Sharma, R. N. Patadia, Y. K. Agrawal
Lanthanum a rare earth element is found in various minerals such as cerite, monazite, allanite, and bastnasite. Monazite and bastnasite are the primary ores in which Lanthanum occurs in percentages of up to 25% and 38% respectively. Lanthanum is also found in small amounts in equipment such as color televisions, fluorescent lamps, energy-saving lamps, and glasses. It is also used in the production of nodular cast iron and in steel manufacturing to improve malleability and resistance. Lanthanum compounds are extensively used in carbon lighting applications, especially by the motion picture industry for studio lighting and projection. It is also used as an additive in glass manufacturing to improve the alkali resistance and optical properties of glass. Lanthanum is also used in the production of rare earth magnets, catalysts for refining of petrochemical products, and in other applications.[1]
Catalytic pyrolysis of atmospheric residue of petroleum using pillared interlayed clay containing lanthanum and aluminum polyhydroxications (LaAl13-PILC)
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2021
Jilliano B. Silva, Giorgione G. Cabral, Marcio D. S. Araujo, Vinicius P. S. Caldeira, Ana C. F. Coriolano, Valter J. Fernandes, Sibele B. C. Pergher, Antonio S. Araujo
The design of functional lanthanopolyoxometalates and lanthanum exchanged Keggin materials have been reported (Granadeiro et al. 2013; Al-Shammari, A. Alsulami, and Narasimharao 2019). Lanthanum is a metal with interesting characteristics to be used in the cation exchange process, which can generate surface acidic sites and increase the thermal stability, acidity and catalytic performance of aluminossilicate materials. These properties are necessary to withstand high temperatures in the catalytic cracking processes of petroleum (Shanqing et al. 2021). This work aims to prepare, characterize and apply catalysts based on pillared clay materials containing lanthanum and aluminum polyhydroxications. The obtained materials were evaluated as catalyst for cracking of atmospheric residue of petroleum.
Evaluating fatigue resistance of toner-modified asphalt binders using the linear amplitude sweep test
Published in Road Materials and Pavement Design, 2019
Mohammad Ali Notani, Fereidoon Moghadas Nejad, Ali Khodaii, Pouria Hajikarimi
In this research, a PG 58-22 asphalt binder was used which is acquired from Tehran petroleum refinery of the Pasargard Oil Company in Iran. It was modified using waste toner, collected from some copy shop centres of Tehran, Iran. According to the XRD result, the waste toner consists of several semi-heavy ingredients (Table 1) and several chemical components such as zinc iron oxide (ZnFe2O4) as shown in Figure 1. Among the ingredients represented in Table 1, chromium and zinc are hazardous materials considered as environmental concerns (Eisler, 1993; Guertin, 2004). Moreover, Lanthanum is one of the harmful ingredients which is considered to be of high aquatic toxicity concern (Herrmann, Nolde, Berger, & Heise, 2016).