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Thermodynamics of Gases at Low Pressures
Published in Igor Bello, Vacuum and Ultravacuum, 2017
For lower temperature evaporation from crucibles, kanthal (FeCrAl alloy) is recommended. Kanthal is inherently passivated by oxidation of an aluminum constituent forming Al2O3 on its surface. Kanthal has a melting point of about 1500 °C. It is durable, chemically stable, and suitable for heating of crucibles and evaporation materials with low melting points, particularly such as small organic molecules.
Westinghouse Test Facilities for Lead Fast Reactor Development
Published in Nuclear Technology, 2023
Sung Jin Lee, Michael Ickes, Jeffrey L. Arndt, Michael Epstein, Asfaq Patel, Paolo Ferroni
The HELMET system was used to test Type 316 stainless steel (Fig. 2), the OC-Q composition of alumina-forming austenitic stainless steel, and Kanthal APMT (advanced powder metallurgical, dispersion strengthened, ferritic iron-chromium-aluminum alloy) (Fig. 3). Despite the simple design of the test system, LME was able to be detected in Kanthal APMT by both the test curves and by fractography (Fig. 4), whereas Type 316 stainless steel did not show any appreciable sign of LME. During the testing campaign, insufficient resources were available to realize measurement and control of the dissolved oxygen content of the liquid lead. Because of this lack of control, it was presumed that all testing was conducted at oxygen-saturated conditions. At the test temperature of 343°C, this is a dissolved oxygen content of approximately 8E-06 wt% oxygen in the molten lead. Tensile tests of the OC-Q material provided by Oak Ridge National Laboratory were successfully conducted in argon gas and in liquid lead at 343°C. The specimen was allowed to soak in the liquid lead for 24 h prior to testing to ensure intimate contact between the specimen and the liquid lead.
Unilateral Blow-Off and Periodic Smoldering Holes in Upward Flame Spread Over Thin Charring Material
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2022
Wenlong Wang, Jun Fang, Luyao Zhao, Yue Zhang, Jinjun Wang, Yongming Zhang
In order to address the potential variability associated with the ignition method on the symmetry of the experimental results, the ignition unit was designed specially as shown in Figure 2b. A coiled igniter with an outer diameter of 1.5 mm was wound with the Nickel-Chromium resistance wire (Kanthal A1 24 G) at the constant line density. A heat resisting (1500 ~ 1600°C) and insulating corundum rod with a diameter of 0.8 mm was inserted into the coil to maintain its shape during the whole ignition process, avoiding bending after energized. The extension wires of the Nickel-Chromium ignition coil were sheathed with the corundum tube with a length of 15 cm and an outer diameter of 3 mm, so as to avoid the influence of the additional radiative heat from the extension wires on the symmetry of the ignition conditions. An array of holes with a diameter of 3.5 mm and a center spacing of 5 mm on the stainless steel frame was used to adjust and fix the location of the Nickel-Chromium resistance coil with lengths of 3–6 cm (same as the ignition section on the sample surface).
Compatibility of FeCrAlMo in Flowing Pb-Li at 600°C to 700°C
Published in Fusion Science and Technology, 2021
B. A. Pint, J. Jun, E. Cakmak, D. J. Sprouster, N. Olynik, L. L. Snead
To improve the efficiency of fusion energy, higher blanket temperatures are desired. However, increasing operating temperatures can lead to compatibility issues with the coolant, particularly for lead lithium (Pb-Li) in the dual-coolant lead-lithium blanket concept.1,2 Forming a stable surface oxide or scale, like α-Al2O3 (Ref. 3) on an FeCrAl alloy or Al-rich coating,4,5 can inhibit dissolution compared to uncoated reduced-activation ferritic-martensitic (RAFM) structural steels, which are limited to ~475°C in Pb-Li (Ref. 6). To determine the maximum temperature where this concept is effective, a series of monometallic thermal convection loops7,8 (TCLs) has been fabricated from Kanthal alloy APMT (Fe-21Cr-5Al-3Mo) to test compatibility in flowing Pb-Li, where the temperature gradient enables continuous mass transfer.9,10 This paper reports the results from APMT specimens exposed for 1000 h in the fourth TCL experiment with a peak temperature of 700°C. In addition, wide-angle X-ray scattering11 (WAXS) was used to study the formation of LiAlO2 on bare and pre-oxidized APMT (Ref. 8).