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Utilization of Biodiesel By-Products in Various Industrial Applications
Published in Bhaskar Singh, Ramesh Oraon, Advanced Nanocatalysts for Biodiesel Production, 2023
Since oil-cake is produced from oil seeds which are mainly composed of proteins, fibres and minerals through an extraction process, it has finally been found useful as a protein-rich food for poultry, ruminants, fish and swine industries (Ramachandran et al., 2007; Zhou et al., 2016). Due to the presence of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium, oil-cake can be used in fertilizer industries as a suitable organic nitrogenous fertilizer (Mazzoncini et al., 2015). Additionally, the presence of a series of biologically active compounds, mainly isothiocyanates, especially in those oil-cakes extracted from Brassicaceae oilseeds, means that it can also be used in pesticide industries (Mazzoncini et al., 2015). Oil-cake may also be used in the mushroom industry and biopharmaceutical industry to produce antibiotics and other biochemicals due to its nutritional value (Ramachandran et al., 2007; Vidyarthi et al., 2002). However, oil-cakes originating from non-edible oil plants, including Jatropha and Karanja, can be used only in the mosquito-repellent manufacturing industry due to the presence of phorbol esters and karinjin, respectively (Pant et al., 2016) (Figure 10.4).
Health and Environmental Information and Models
Published in Winston Chow, Katherine K. Connor, Peter Mueller, Ronald Wyzga, Donald Porcella, Leonard Levin, Ramsay Chang, Managing Hazardous Air Pollutants, 2020
Donald B. Porcella, Ronald E. Wyzga
As a pesticide, methyl isothiocyanate is used to control soil fungi, soil insects, and nematodes and is thus found in agricultural landscapes.17 The chemical is typically applied as a soil drench, but because of its volatility it functions as a soil fumigant. This same attribute results in methyl isothiocyanate being volatilized to the free troposphere, after which it is transported locally and regionally. The chemical attributes of methyl isothiocyanate relative to estimating its flux to vegetation are as follows: chemical structure of CH3-N=C=S, molecular weight of 73.12 g, H2O solubility of 1040 μmol cm−3, molecular diameter of 24.82 × 10−10 m, and diffusivity relative to that of H2O of 0.50. In the environment the chemical exhibits an abbreviated half-life of ≤3 days, decomposing to an array of inorganic and organic gases.
Potential Use of Bioactive Compounds from Waste in the pharmaceutical Industry
Published in Quan V. Vuong, Utilisation of Bioactive Compounds from Agricultural and Food Waste, 2017
They are contained in Cruciferous vegetables, such as sprouts, broccoli, cabbage and watercress. When cruciferous vegetables are submitted to mechanical action, the breaking down of the walls of the plant cells is responsible for the contact between the glucosinolates contained within the cells and the enzyme ‘myrosinase’, which is contained within a different area of the plant cell (Mithen 2006). The action of myrosinase causes conversion of glucosinolates to isothiocyanates, which have effects on the human health. At least part of the potential health-promoting effect of isothiocyanates on the body seems to be due to their metabolism in the colon by gut bacteria (Denny and Buttriss 2007). The most promising evidence about the protective effect of plant bioactives on human health relates to lucosinolates. High intakes of brassicas show good correlation with the reduced risk of cancer at a number of sites (van Poppel et al. 1999).
Aqueous microwave assisted novel synthesis of isothiocyanates by amine catalyzed thionation of isocyanides with Lawesson's reagent
Published in Journal of Sulfur Chemistry, 2023
Sodeeq Aderotimi Salami, Vincent J. Smith, Rui W. M. Krause
In summary, we have successfully developed a general, green, practical, and highly efficient protocol for the synthesis of a broad range of functionalized isothiocyanates from their corresponding isocyanides using Lawesson's reagent and catalytic amount of amine bases, particularly triethylamine under aqua assisted microwave irradiation and conventional heating conditions. The synthetic procedures presented in this study enabled the rapid and simple acquisition of a library of 20 structurally diverse isothiocyanates with good or very good yields (53%–96%), in high purity. The simplicity of operation, the easy work-up procedure, high reaction rates, very mild conditions, excellent yields and environmentally benign are the most important advantages of the present method. The newly developed method could convert a wide range of aryl-isocyanides into their corresponding isothiocyanates in excellent yields and it holds promise for future scale-up.
The influence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in protein profile of Medicago sativa L.
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2021
Wilber S. Alves, Noemi S. Santos, Felipe F. Baroca, Bruna P. D. Alves, Rosane O. Nunes, Giselli C. D. Abrahão, Evelin A. Manoel, Marcia R. Soares
Isothiocyanates derived from glucosinolates, also act modifying carcinogenic metabolism in animal cells with a protective effect against cancer. When PAH are absorbed, intermediates formed by CYP450 react with DNA, proteins and lipids, causing mutations or affecting cellular functions, which would lead to carcinogenesis. However, isothiocyanates acts blocking the carcinogenic activation of the phase 1 reactions and promoting detoxification by phase 2 enzymes, like glutathione S-tranferases (Jez and Fukagawa 2015). A unknown protein with a glutathione S-tranferases domain are also identified in this study, and may act with the other PRP candidates in the PAH response, because GSTs are well studied for their important role in the detoxification of organic pollutants such as herbicides, and as such the conjugation of these xenobiotics (Dixon and Edwards 2010).
Effect of microwave and air-borne ultrasound-assisted air drying on drying kinetics and phytochemical properties of broccoli floret
Published in Drying Technology, 2020
Ye Cao, Yang Tao, Xuhao Zhu, Yongbin Han, Dandan Li, Chunquan Liu, Xiaojun Liao, Pau Loke Show
Glucosinolates are sulfur-containing secondary metabolites in broccoli that can be hydrolyzed to form isothiocyanates with high bioactivities under the action of myrosinase.[44] Sulforaphane is an important isothiocyanate formed from the degradation of glucoraphanin, which has potential to protect rodents from carcinogen-induced tumorigenesis.[45,46] The contents of five glucosinolates (glucoraphanin, gluconapin, 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin, glucobrassicin, 4-methoxyglucobrassicin) and sulforaphane before and after drying are listed in Table 4. Among all the detected glucosinolates, glucoraphanin showed the highest content (9.71 ± 0.24 mg/g DW) in fresh broccoli, followed by 4-methoxyglucobrassicin (4.03 ± 0.26 mg/g DW), glucobrassicin (3.85 ± 0.34 mg/g DW), 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin (0.68 ± 0.05 mg/g DW), and gluconapin (0.50 ± 0.03 mg/g DW). The content of glucoraphanin degradation product, namely sulforaphane was 6.50 ± 0.52 mg/g DW in fresh samples. The contents of these sulfo compounds had the similar level of the counterparts in cabbage as reported by Park et al.[46]