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Nanostructured Drug Delivery of Nutraceuticals for Counteracting Oxidative Stress
Published in Bhupinder Singh, Minna Hakkarainen, Kamalinder K. Singh, NanoNutraceuticals, 2019
Shobhit Kumar, Bharti Gaba, Jasjeet K. Narang, Javed Ali, Sanjula Baboota
Pepe and coworkers (2012) developed sugar-based microemulsions loaded with two antioxidants (lycopene and ascorbic acid) to enhance the cutaneous delivery of both molecules and promote antioxidant activity. Formulation was prepared using different oils such as isopropyl myristate and mixed with monocaprylin and monoolein. Observations revealed that formulation was capable to enhance lycopene penetration into porcine skin approximately 3.3–8.0 times. In the case of ascorbic acid, it was found that the cutaneous penetration was 1.5–3.0 times more than the pure drug solution. The study illustrated the potential of drug delivery systems in increasing the tissue antioxidant activity by showing rapid cutaneous penetration.
Transdermal delivery of acemetacin loaded microemulsions: preparation, characterization, in vitro – ex vivo evaluation and in vivo analgesic and anti-inflammatory efficacy
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2023
Emre Şefik Çağlar, Mehmet Evren Okur, Buket Aksu, Neslihan Üstündağ Okur
Pharmaceutically approved substances were used as excipients to create the microemulsions. Isopropyl myristate is frequently used in topical cosmetic and medicinal products as a non-greasy emollient and emulsifying agent. It also exhibits a permeability enhancement effect, which is why it was selected as the oil phase.[24–26] One of the most researched and utilized excipients in pharmaceutical formulations is polysorbates (Tweens). Tween-based microemulsions have been used as drug delivery systems and have undergone pre-formulation analysis from several angles, including drug solubility, drug stability, release rates/dissolution, penetration, absorption, and targeted delivery. Tween, a safe surfactant, increases the drug’s solubility, bioavailability, and permeability, all of which help the drug work more effectively.[27] However, the ability of microemulsions to carry and deliver drugs is improved by the whole mix of components and composition, not only the presence of Tween 80. Therefore, Transcutol HP and Labrafil M1944 CS were used as surfactants in the M1-ACM and M2-ACM formulations, respectively, to enhance the ability of microemulsions to transport and deliver ACM. In addition, similar to the purpose of the Transcutol HP to be used in this investigation, Transcutol HP has been investigated as a sorption promoter in numerous transdermal medicinal systems.[28] Additionally, because Labrafil M1944CS is a blend of mono-, di-, and triglycerides with long carbon chains and six ethoxy units in their structural makeup, it exhibits great solubility to a variety of pharmacological compounds.[29] Labrafil M1944 CS was consequently chosen as one of the M2-ACM's components. Ethanol was selected as the cosurfactant since it is frequently utilized as a permeation enhancer for various medications and has lower irritating and toxicity levels. According to earlier research on microemulsion systems, where cosurfactants (often short chain alcohols) are required to maintain a single phase, an ethanol cosurfactant was required to keep the O/W emulsion stable.[30]