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Failure modes and mechanisms in gray cast iron pipes
Published in Mark Knight, Neil Thomson, Underground Infrastructure Research, 2020
J.M. Makar, R. Desnoyers, S.E. McDonald
A final type of manufacturing flaw observed in a number of cast iron pipes is the presence of iron phosphide networks throughout the pipe metal (Figure 11). Phosphorus was added to molten cast iron in order to lower the melting point of the metal and its viscosity. This meant that lower casting temperatures could be used, reducing the total cost of manufacture. However, the presence of phosphorus can also produce the type of network shown in Figure 11. This iron phosphide compound is even more brittle than gray cast iron and its presence weakens the pipe. Most modern steel and cast iron manufacturing attempts to minimise the phosphorus content, with specifications calling for a value that depends on the quality of the steel but is typically below 0.1 percent by weight (wt%) and often below 0.03 wt%. Gray cast iron pipes may have phosphorus contents as high as 0.9 wt% and are often in the range of 0.4-0.6 wt.%
Heat Treatment Defects and Their Determination
Published in Bankim Chandra Ray, Rajesh Kumar Prusty, Deepak Nayak, Phase Transformations and Heat Treatments of Steels, 2020
Bankim Chandra Ray, Rajesh Kumar Prusty, Deepak Nayak
If the temperature exceeds the solidus temperature while heating the steel, liquation may occur at the grain boundaries. In presence of an oxidizing condition, oxides may form and penetrate the grain boundaries. This phenomenon is known as burning of the steel, and its effect is permanent. Burnt steel becomes scrap. Effects of burning are summarized as follows: Phosphorous gets segregated at the grain boundaries, and it subsequently gets precipitated as iron phosphide. This causes embrittlement of steels. The same kind of embrittlement may occur in the case of sulfur as well.High sulfur content has the ability to enhance both overheating and burning of steels.The components that are burned are unserviceable and cannot be reclaimed. It can hardly be used as a scrap.
Psychopathology
Published in Richard Kerslake, Elizabeths Templeton, Lisanne Stock, Revision Guide for MRCPsych Paper A, 2018
The large-scale energy storage systems that are inexpensive, robust, and highly efficient are necessary for the development and integration of green energy like solar and wind into the electrical grid [34]. There are many candidate materials for electrodes of batteries, e.g., alkali metal, aluminum, iron, phosphide, Sn, and so on. The rechargeable lithium-ion battery is the current solution of choice for energy sources in portable electronic devices and electric vehicles, but the high cost and the limited distribution of lithium resources have motivated scientists to look for alternative solutions.
Cost reduction for achieving competitiveness through industrial experimentation in SG casting for Automotive application
Published in Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 2022
Vasu Ramanujam, K. Narashiman, Rajagopal Ananthasubramaniam
The presence of phosphorous in the melt forms iron phosphide (Fe3P), which forms a ternary eutectic with cementite and austenite. The ternary eutectic is called steadite, which is brittle and has a melting point of around 960°C. This increases the fluidity and extends the range of eutectic solidification and thus helps in primary graphitisation. This increased fluidity also helps in giving good castability to the thin and intricate castings. Phosphorous is kept intentionally very low, as it is not required because it causes cold shortness, so the property of ductile iron will be affected adversely.