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Motor Frame Design
Published in Wei Tong, Mechanical Design and Manufacturing of Electric Motors, 2022
The primary types of phosphate coatings include manganese, iron, and zinc coating. Among them, manganese phosphate coating has the highest hardness and superior corrosion and wear resistance. Therefore, manganese phosphate coating is extensively used to improve friction properties of sliding components such as engine pistons, gears, camshafts, and power transmission systems. Iron phosphate coating inhibits corrosion and improves the adhesion and durability of paint finishes. Due to the low cost and moderate corrosion resistance, this type of phosphate coating is basically suitable for indoor equipment. Zinc phosphate coating can provide the highest corrosion resistance. Hence, it is widely used in the automotive industry and in certain sectors of the appliance and electronics industries.
Causes of failure
Published in William Bolton, R.A. Higgins, Materials for Engineers and Technicians, 2020
This is used to coat vast amounts of mild steel, not only to protect it against corrosion by the atmosphere, but to provide an attractive finish. Optimum results are obtained by first ‘phosphating’ the surface of the steel. This involves treating it with a phosphoric-acid preparation, which not only dissolves rust, but also coats the surface of the steel with a dense and slightly rough surface of iron phosphate. This affords some protection against corrosion, but also acts as an excellent ‘key’ for the priming paint and the undercoat of subsequent paint.
Urban and Area Source BMPs
Published in Roger D. Griffin, Principles of Stormwater Management, 2018
Not included in the database for phosphorus removal was the “Minnesota Filter.” The “Minnesota filter” is a static bed of sand with up to 5% zero valence iron filings mixed within it. Collected stormwater percolates through the bed before being discharged to a regular stream, lake, or pond. The iron filings react with phosphorous to form an insoluble iron phosphate, which prevents phosphorus from leaching into nutrient impaired water bodies.
Development of a comprehensive transient fuel cell-battery hybrid system model and rule-based energy management strategy
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2023
Yahan Xu, Zirong Yang, Kui Jiao, Dong Hao, Qing Du
The lithium iron phosphate battery is adopted, and the working principles are shown in Figure 2. The single unit of Li-ion battery consists of positive current collector (PCC), positive electrode (P), separator (S), negative electrode (N), and negative current collector (NCC). During the discharging process, the lithium ions are de-embedded from negative electrode and embedded into the positive electrode after passing through the diaphragm. Electrons depart from the negative electrode, flow through the external circuit, and finally reach the positive electrode. The above transport processes are reversed in the charging stage. Since the charging/discharging processes are accompanied with lithium ion migration, the change of lithium ion concentration significantly affects battery performances. Furthermore, the Li-ion transport processes are divided into the liquid phase (electrolyte) and the solid phase (active material of the positive and negative electrodes). The chemical reactions occur at the interfaces between active material and electrolyte in both phases. Note that the transport and electrochemical processes of lithium ions are accompanied with heat generation. Therefore, the electrochemical thermal coupling sub-model can well reflect the real operating state of Li-ion battery. The structural parameters of lithium-ion battery sub-model are listed in Table 1, which are generally selected based on the previous studies (Jiang, Peng, and Sun 2013; Ye et al. 2012).
Lithium-ion battery explosion aerosols: Morphology and elemental composition
Published in Aerosol Science and Technology, 2021
Teresa L. Barone, Thomas H. Dubaniewicz, Sherri A. Friend, Isaac A. Zlochower, Aleksandar D. Bugarski, Naseem S. Rayyan
The cathode of the second battery type contained phosphorous and iron (Figure 5b) in micron to submicron spheroidal particles (Figure 6b). These characteristics suggest that the cathode contained the common active material, lithium iron phosphate. The iron content is a health concern because its inhalation can lead to the generation of reactive oxygen species that cause DNA damage (Donaldson et al. 1997). However, iron is less toxic than other transition metals, such as those in the NMC cathode. For example, exposure to 5 mg iron/m3 leads to minor adverse health effects (NIOSH 1994), while exposure to a thousand times lower concentration of cobalt (0.005 mg/m3) can lead to asthma, pneumonia, and wheezing (ATSDR 2004). Cobalt was also a major component of the cathode of the third battery type (LTO) and was present along with manganese as shown by the representative spectrum in Figure 5c. Both species are of concern as inhalation of high levels of manganese can lead to disabling neurological effects (ATSDR 2012).
Recycling of spent lithium-iron phosphate batteries: toward closing the loop
Published in Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 2023
Srishti Kumawat, Dalip Singh, Ajay Saini
Lithium Iron Phosphate battery (LFP) technology is poised to prosper soon, thanks to increased acceptance by some of the industry’s giants. Its expanding global adoption has elevated the technology’s position in the automotive sector. The advantages of LFP batteries have lately attracted the attention of Tesla, the world’s largest electric vehicle manufacturer. LFP batteries may be used in some battery systems, such as Powerwall, Powerpack, and Megapack, especially the 3MWh Megapack units. Last year, Volkswagen’s Chinese battery partner, Guoxuan High-Tech (also known as Gotion High-Tech), launched a new LFP battery cell with a 210 Wh/kg energy density, with a goal of 260 Wh/kg. Daimler and Ford have also used the technology for their lower-range electric vehicles.[51]