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Force-System Resultants and Equilibrium
Published in Richard C. Dorf, The Engineering Handbook, 2018
The purpose of the injector is to introduce propellants into the combustion chamber in a controlled manner, to atomize the propellants, and to mix the propellants at the proper mixture ratio in a homogenous manner. Mixture ratio variations across the injector face are one of the most common problems that the designer will encounter, and these maldistributions lead to combustion efficiency losses. In some cases, maldistributions are deliberately introduced. To enhance the durability of combustion chambers, a film of fuel is injected at the outer circumference of the injector. In order to produce a stable combustion process, baffle elements which are cooled with fuel are commonly used. The most common injector concepts are coaxial, showerhead, and impinging. These are illustrated in Figure 197.6.
Jet-Swirl Injector Spray Characteristics in Combustion Waste of a Liquid Propellant Rocket Thrust Chamber
Published in Dzaraini Kamarun, Ramlah Mohd. Tajuddin, Bulan Abdullah, Engineering and Technical Development for a Sustainable Environment, 2017
Zulkifli Abdul Ghaffar, Salmiah Kasolang, Ahmad Hussein Abdul Hamid
One of the major public concerns of engine combustion is the pollutant emissions due to their impact on the environment and health. The most common exhaust emissions from liquid rocket engine is carbon dioxide (CO2), water vapor (H2O) and alumina/carbon particle which accounting 80% of all rocket exhaust emissions. The smaller portion of liquid rocket exhaust include NOX, N2, HCl and others [4]. In order to reduce the emissions of the by-products, an efficient combustion process is required. Particularly, an efficient combustion process in a liquid propellant rocket thrust chamber could be achieved by using a high performance injector. An injector is a device utilized for the process of breaking up bulk liquids into accumulated droplets known as spray. Fine droplets have large surface areas which result in larger exposure of the droplets to the combustion. Hence, a high performance rocket injector refers to the injector which capable of producing liquid propellant sprays with fine droplets. In return, this injector led to an efficient combustion process. An example of a high performance rocket injector is the jet-swirl injector. This injector not only produces sprays with fine droplets but with a large spray angle. The wideness of spray angle determines the exposure of the droplets to the surrounding air or gas, which is an important feature of improving the rates of heat and mass transfer.
Biodiesel
Published in Arumugam S. Ramadhas, Alternative Fuels for Transportation, 2016
Arumugam Sakunthalai Ramadhas, Simon Jayaraj, Chandrasekaran Muraleedharan
Engine-related problems can be studied by conducting an engine test for the long duration or endurance tests. In general, biodiesel blends up to 5% do not create engine-related problems. Using higher percentage of biodiesel in engines, creates problems in injectors because the injectors are designed for diesel and materials used also are compatible with diesel only. Poor quality of biodiesel may contain organic acids, water, free glycerol, total glycerol, and any other contaminants that may polymerize and attack engine components. Fuel injectors are prone to be subjected to injector nozzle clogging problems. Though most of fuel injector manufacturers/auto manufactures extend the warranty of parts with the use of biodiesel (B5); it is necessary to store the biodiesel from extreme temperatures in order to avoid oxidation of fuel. The common problems observed on engine components with biodiesel usage are shown in Table 3.10.
Investigations on durability and lubricating oil degradation of CIDI engine fuelled with tamarind seed oil methyl ester
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
Vishal Kumbhar, Anand Kumar Pandey, Anil Varghese, Virendra Patil
From the literature review it is evident that in a large amount of biodiesel research, only a small part is devoted to the analysis of the long-term effect of biodiesel on engine wear and lubricating oil degradation. Tamarind seeds are generally treated as a waste by-product after processing. However, the seeds contain oil content which can be extracted and used as feedstock for biodiesel production (Kumbhar et al. 2021). Based on the available literature on TSOME biodiesel, research is limited only to the performance and emission testing of diesel engines. Till date, no study has reported the long-term endurance testing and lubricating oil degradation of diesel engines using TSOME as fuel. Keeping this in view, the present research work is motivated to analyse the effect long-term use of TSOME fuel on engine wear and lubricating oil degradation. The main objective of the current research work is to conduct the long-term endurance test using diesel and TSOME fuels to compare and analyse the carbon deposition and wear on the key parts such as fuel injector, fuel injector pump and piston. Also, the effect of long-term use of diesel and TSOME fuel on lubricating oil properties (viscosity, density, total base number and flash point) is evaluated by measuring the properties at specific intervals to look into insights regarding the wear rate and health of the engine component.
High pressure direct fuel injection as a solution for performance enhancement in two-stroke spark-ignition engine
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021
Gopal Kumar Deshmukh, Ameenur Rehman, Rajesh Gupta
The conventional carbureted two-stroke SI engine made by the Bajaj Company was modified and used for the experimental investigations. In GDI mode, fuel injection in the combustion chamber was done in the cylinder directly. To inject gasoline in direct injection mode, the cooling fins on the cylinder head were removed on the opposite side of the spark plug location. A precise hole was drilled in it, and an adapter was attached for holding the fuel injector. Pressurized fuel was supplied to the pintle injector using a Bosch-make fuel pump. Cam and follower arrangement are installed on the bearing shaft of the engine. The teeth of the gear are cut at every 5° angle, which can change the injection timing. Figure 1 shows the arrangement of the ports in the engine. The location of pintle injector and spark plug in the modified cylinder head is shown in Figure 2. The modified experimental setup and schematic diagram of the two-stroke GDI test rig are shown in Figures 3 and 4, respectively.
An overview of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of starchy and lignocellulosic biomass for bio-ethanol production
Published in Biofuels, 2019
HPLC can be used for quick and efficient separation and detection of ethanol in a sample. HPLC consists of solvent reservoir, pump, injector port, column, detector and waste reservoir. The ethanol containing sample is first injected into the injector. The different components in the mixture pass through the column at different rates due to differences in their partitioning behavior between the mobile liquid and the stationary phase. Resin (stationary phase) in the column is what aids in the separation. After separation, a detector report helps to detect how much he ethanol present in the sample by the integration of produced spectra. For detection by HPLC, the sample is collected in a sterile syringe and pushed into a 15 ml centrifuge tubes with screw cap. Then the sample is centrifuged at 8000 rpm at 4 °C for 10 min. After centrifugation, the liquid part can decanted to another centrifuge tube. This liquid part can be further filtered through a 0.2 micrometer filter and stored at -20°C and finally processed for analysis by HPLC.