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Control of Emissions from Stationary Sources
Published in Wayne T. Davis, Joshua S. Fu, Thad Godish, Air Quality, 2021
Wayne T. Davis, Joshua S. Fu, Thad Godish
Scrubber designs vary from one manufacturer to another. However, most scrubbers have three basic components: (1) a humidification section, (2) a section where liquid–gas contact occurs, and (3) a separation section where liquid droplets (containing the collected particles) are removed. Particles in scrubbers come in contact with liquid droplets to form a particle–liquid agglomerate. The contact process is achieved by forcing a collision between liquid droplets and particles. Collisions may be promoted by gravity, impingement, and/or mechanical impaction. When contact is made, particles significantly increase in size and mass. The resultant particle–gas agglomerates are removed by inertial devices. Commonly used de-entrainment mechanisms include impaction on extended baffles and centrifugal separation. In most systems, the contact liquid is water (H2O).
Water Ecology
Published in Frank R. Spellman, The Science of Water, 2020
Entrainment is the incorporation of particles when stream velocity exceeds the entraining velocity for a particular particle size. The entrained particles in suspension (suspended load) also include fine sediment, primarily clays, silts, and fine sands that require only low velocities and minor turbulence to remain in suspension. These are referred to as wash load (under 0.002 mm). Thus, the suspended load includes the wash load and coarser materials (at lower flows). Together, the suspended load and bed load constitutes the solid load. It is important to note that in bedrock streams, the bed load will be a lower fraction than in alluvial streams where channels are composed of easily transported material.
Water Ecology
Published in Frank R. Spellman, Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations, 2020
Entrainment is the incorporation of particles when stream velocity exceeds the entraining velocity for a particular particle size. The entrained particles in suspension (suspended load) also include fine sediment, primarily clays, silts, and fine sands that require only low velocities and minor turbulence to remain in suspension. These are referred to as wash load (under 0.002 mm). Thus, the suspended load includes the wash load and coarser materials (at lower flows). Together, the suspended load and bed load constitutes the solid load. It is important to note that in bedrock streams the bed load will be a lower fraction than in alluvial streams where channels are composed of easily transported material.
Size distribution of larvae entrained and the role of fine mesh screening in excluding larvae at an operating power plant
Published in Lake and Reservoir Management, 2018
Paul H. Patrick, Jennifer Powell, Elaine Mason, Mo-Ki Tai, Thomas Stanko, Heather D. Dziedzic
Entrainment, in a general sense, can be defined as the drawing in and transport of an entity or entities by the flow of fluid. In aquatic biology, entrainment can occur when aquatic organisms are drawn into manmade structures such as intakes, power plants, hydroelectric dams, and irrigation canals. Organisms that are entrained may be subjected to various stressors (e.g., heat, pressure, mechanical, chemical) potentially resulting in injury or death. The entrainment of aquatic organisms may impact a species at the population level if large quantities of individuals are entrained. For rare or threatened and endangered species, the entrainment of low numbers of individuals could result in measurable adverse impacts to the population.