China 
Africa 
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Fundamental Concepts of Flow
Published in Jesse Yoder, New-Technology Flowmeters, 2023
Besides natural gas, industrial gases are manufactured for use in industry. Industrial gases typically are stored and transported in a cylinder. Industrial gases are used in a wide range of industries including oil and gas; chemical, food, and beverage; pharmaceutical, power, water, and wastewater; and other industries. Common industrial gases include hydrogen, carbon dioxide, oxygen, helium, nitrogen, and argon.
Fire Hazards of Materials and Their Control
Published in Peter M. Bochnak, Fire Loss Control, 2020
Finally, gases can be classified by use. Fuel gases refer to flammable gases burned with air to produce heat. The most widely used are natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas. Industrial gases include the range of gases used in chemical processes; i.e., heat treating, chemical processing, welding and cutting, etc. Medical gases are specialized in the area of medical treatment; i.e., anesthesia, respiratory therapy, etc.
From CDM to pilot carbon trading scheme
Published in Han Lin, Energy Policies and Climate Change in China, 2019
Although industrial gas projects accounted for a proportionally large percentage of greenhouse gases (GHG) emission reduction (CO2e), they did not significantly contribute to local sustainable development. First of all, industrial gas projects did not assist energy structure optimisation in host countries because they did not tackle the most dominant and long-lasting greenhouse gas – CO2. Therefore, they had a weak impact on the fundamental challenge of China's climate change mitigation – how to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and how to switch to a mix of low carbon renewable energy sources (Pearson 2007, p. 247). Industrial gas projects, although they reduced GHG emissions, did not force systemic change. Second, the majority of industrial gas projects happened on the sites of existing facilities, and had little contribution to the improvement of local infrastructure and employment. As a result, the integrity of industrial gas projects on sustainability had been questioned by many (Pearson 2007; Schneider 2007; Schwank 2004). Furthermore, the EU no longer recognised CERs generated from industrial gas projects after January 2013 (Gtowacki Law Firm 2013).
Reflecting on progress since the 2005 NARSTO emissions inventory report
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2019
Melissa Day, George Pouliot, Sherri Hunt, Kirk R. Baker, Megan Beardsley, Gregory Frost, David Mobley, Heather Simon, Barron B. Henderson, Tiffany Yelverton, Venkatesh Rao
Greenhouse gas (GHG) information is also collected by the EPA separate from the NEI. This is a new addition to the emission inventory portfolio since the 2005 NARSTO assessment and is discussed as it relates to the goals of the original assessment. Large facilities, fossil fuel suppliers, industrial gas suppliers, and facilities that inject carbon dioxide greater than 25,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (mtCO2e) or more are required to report annual greenhouse gas emissions under the Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program (GHGRP) (U.S. EPA, 2018e). EPA also compiles the Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks (GHG Inventory) (U.S. EPA, 2018f), which includes all anthropogenic emissions and sinks at the national level as part of obligations to report inventories to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC, 2018). Both programs are managed and implemented on an annual reporting cycle and are focused on the national trend using the latest methods.
Effects of Turbulence Intensity and Biogas Composition on the Localized Forced Ignition of Turbulent Mixing Layers
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2019
C. Turquand d’Auzay, V. Papapostolou, S.F. Ahmed, N. Chakraborty
The large scale use of biogas (CH/CO/air) in engineering applications (e.g. automotive engines and industrial gas turbines) requires a better understanding of its uncertain combustion behavior stemming from the interaction between the methane and carbon-dioxide. Of particular interests are the onset of combustion and the resulting flame propagation/quenching. To this end, the localized forced ignition of unsteady statistically planar biogas/air mixing layers in decaying turbulence for different initial values of turbulence intensity, biogas composition and mixture fraction gradient have been analyzed using three-dimensional Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS). The energy deposition has been represented as a Gaussian power source in the energy equation, while a two-step mechanism capable of capturing the unstrained laminar flame speed for different equivalence ratios and levels of CO dilution has been used.
Finite-time adaptive sliding mode control for compressor surge with uncertain characteristic in the presence of disturbance
Published in Systems Science & Control Engineering, 2021
Li Fu, Xiuwei Fu, Masoud Taleb Ziabari
With the advancement of technology, the compression systems have attracted great interest from the academic and industrial communities due to their promising utility. The compressors act as the beating-heart for the operation of industrial sectors and are used in a broad range of modern applications, including turbojet engines, industrial gas turbines, turbochargers, and transport pipelines in the petrochemical and mining industries for pressurization of gas and fluids. Thus, extensive efforts have been devoted to improving the reliability and performance of these systems (An & Suzuki, 2017; Jang et al., 2007; Jiang et al., 2006; Mojaddam & Pullen, 2019; Zhang et al., 2020).