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Thermal Systems
Published in Dale R. Patrick, Stephen W. Fardo, Industrial Process Control Systems, 2021
Dale R. Patric, Stephen W. Fardo
Fossil fuel is used as a source of energy for large industrial furnaces used in heat-treating operations. It is also used in the production of iron, steel, bricks, cement, glass, and many other materials. These furnaces differ from the warm-air type because they produce extremely high temperatures. Again, coal, coke, fuel oil, and natural gas are typical fossil fuels used as the primary energy source. Metal-refining furnaces usually force large quantities or blasts of air into the fire chamber to increase the heat already produced. This type of heat source is commonly called a blast furnace. Figure 4-5 shows a representative iron-ore blast furnace.
Solid Waste, Hazardous Materials, and Hazardous Waste Management
Published in Herman Koren, Best Practices for Environmental Health, 2017
There are two types of hazardous waste combustion units. They are incinerators, and boilers and industrial furnaces. Incinerators include rotary kilns, fluidized bed units, liquid injection units, and fixed hearth units. Industrial furnaces include cement, lime, aggregate, and phosphate kilns, as well as coke ovens, blast furnaces, etc. The EPA has established National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for maximum achievable control technology for an industry group or special source. (See endnote 90.)
Swirling atomization characteristics of waste oil biodiesel
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Yishui Zhang, Fashe Li, Shuang Wang, Bican Wang, Shang Jiang, Meng Sui
Presently, a large amount of diesel and heavy oils are burned in industrial furnaces and kilns. According to the current energy situation, the depletion of fossil energy and the harmful effects of various pollutants on the environment after combustion is a critical problem that needs urgent attention. Compared to fossil fuels, biodiesel has low pollutant emission and is a clean and renewable energy source (Nivin et al. 2017). Therefore, biodiesel is an excellent substitute to fossil fuels. However, biodiesel and petrochemical diesel have different physical and chemical properties, which leads to different atomization in the furnace (Choi and Oh 2011). The atomization of fuel has a significant impact on the combustion and emission characteristics, so it is necessary to understand the atomization characteristics of biodiesel (Cao 2005a; Wang, Wang, and Gu 2013). However, depending on the properties of nozzle, the liquid jet can also have different shapes and spray characteristics (Song 2018). The swirl atomizing nozzle, which is widely used in industrial furnaces, has the advantages of simple structure, excellent atomization quality, wide combustion range, and strong machinery. This nozzle primarily depends on the fuel supply pressure. The fuel rotates at a high speed inside the nozzle and is ejected from the nozzle outlet in the form of a rotating cone film. The fuel is formed by centrifugal force outside the nozzle to form a hollow cone. Further, due to the friction between fuel and air, it is broken into small droplets (Zhang 2019).
Property analysis of thermal insulating materials made from Ghanaian anthill clay deposits
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2020
Industrial furnaces are devices used to provide heat for processes. These furnaces are used for processes which operate at temperatures above 650°C. Due to their high temperatures of operation, they are designed such that heat generated is retained within the furnace. The efficiency of retaining the heat depends on the insulated enclosures EMPLOYED in the furnace design. Several materials have been used as refractory materials for heat retention in these furnaces. This study utilised various waste materials such as red anthill clay deposits, sawdust and rice husk in the construction of the refractory material. Results obtained indicated that the materials studied to satisfy the physical, thermal and mechanical properties requirement for use as refractory material. The waste materials also have the potential of improving the efficiency of refractory materials. Hence, these waste materials can be used in a sustainable manner for more productive applications.