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Sustainable Electronics Waste Management in India
Published in Abhijit Das, Biswajit Debnath, Potluri Anil Chowdary, Siddhartha Bhattacharyya, Paradigm Shift in E-waste Management, 2022
Liquid crystal display (LCD) screen contains indium-tin oxide (ITO). The recycling process involves acid leaching of ITO from the surface of the crushed LCD glass, with various acids (HNO3, HCl, and H2SO4) of different concentrations and with suitable temperature. Leaching is followed by solvent extraction to separate indium from other metals. Indium could be separated into a relatively pure fraction with Di 2 Ethyl Hexyl Phosphoric Acid (DEHPA). Higher purity metal extraction could be achieved by optimization of the solvent extraction and through additional processes like electrolysis (Yang 2012). The process optimization and scale up efforts for indium recovery are being carried out at C-MET, Hyderabad under the CoE.
Metals II: Details About Specific Metals
Published in Ronald Scott, of Industrial Hygiene, 2018
Indium is used as a protective coating on bearings, in solders, and in a variety of high-technology roles including special mirrors, transistors, and infrared detectors. It is often found in the ores of other metals, particularly of zinc. The best source of indium is the flue dusts of zinc smelters. Exposures are possible in the course of plating and manufacturing the metal. Many hazards have not been well studied, and the literature on indium problems is sparse.
Oxide Thin-Film Transistors for Active Matrix OLEDs
Published in Zhigang Rick Li, Organic Light-Emitting Materials and Devices, 2017
Linfeng Lan, Weijing Wu, Lei Wang
Although In2O3 has excellent electron mobility, it has some drawbacks as applied to AMOLED displays. First, room temperature–grown In2O3 films are still polycrystalline. Second, the carrier density of In2O3 films is too large to control, making the TFT devices hard to turn off. Third, the electrical and optical stability still need to be improved. Lastly, indium is a toxic and rare element in the earth’s crust, which could cause severe supply issues in large-scale application.
Future of photovoltaic materials with emphasis on resource availability, economic geology, criticality, and market size/growth
Published in CIM Journal, 2023
G. J. Simandl, S. Paradis, L. Simandl
Indium is a soft, post-transition metal with atomic number 49 and atomic weight of 114.8; it is a member of group 13 on the periodic table (Figure 4c). Its properties are similar to those of its vertical neighbors, Ga and thallium. Indium tin oxide (ITO) accounts for most (probably 70% or more) global In consumption. ITO thin-film coatings are primarily used in flat panel displays (touch screens and flatscreen televisions). Solar panels containing CIGS, alloys, solders, compounds, electrical components, and semiconductors account for the rest of the In market (Schuyler Anderson, 2022a). This element has been reported in ocean seawater, air, soils near smelters, and rainwater (Fowler & Maples-Reynolds, 2015); however, more research is needed on its environmental behavior and increasing concentrations in natural environments (White & Shine, 2016). The potential impacts of In on the environment are considered by Jabłońska-Czapla and Grygoyć (2021), Nguyen et al. (2020), and Nkuissi, Konan, Hartiti, and Ndjaka (2020). Although In is generally considered relatively nontoxic, acute exposure through inhalation and the carcinogenic potential of In compounds are of concern (White & Shine, 2016).
Phytic acid modified N1923 solvent impregnated resins for adsorption of in(III)
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2022
Xuezhen Gao, Yuanyuan Wan, Junshen Liu, Xunyong Liu, Lei Guo, Shengxiao Zhang
As a scattered metal, indium is widely used in the electronics industry, high-tech, energy and other fields. It is one of the indispensable raw materials for industries such as electronics, telecommunications and optoelectronics. In recent years, the demand for indium is increasing year by year.[1] However, the distribution of indium in the crust is small and scattered, and there is no independent ore of its own. Trace amounts of indium are associated with zinc, iron, lead and other ores, and it is mainly obtained as a by-product.[2] In addition, with the development of technology and information industry, the amount of e-waste has increased sharply. Recycling indium from e-waste, especially waste liquid crystal displays, is also one of the methods for obtaining indium.[3] Hydrometallurgy is one of the conventional methods for the recovery of valuable metals from primary ores and e-waste.[4–6]
Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANIFS) and artificial neural network (ANN) applied for indium (III) adsorption on carbonaceous materials
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2019
Dison S. P. Franco, Fábio A. Duarte, Nina Paula G. Salau, Guilherme L. Dotto
In recent years, indium has been classified as critical raw material, indicating that this metal will start to run low in the supply market until 2020 (European Commission, 2015). Usually, indium is applied in electronic products, such as liquid-crystal displays (LCDs), semiconductors, and infrared photodetectors (Li et al., 2011; Jeon et al., 2015). Indium is generally obtained as a by-product of zinc mining, with a concentration of around 20 mg kg−1 (Li et al., 2015; Argenta et al., 2017). On the other side of the spectrum, it is possible to find around 100 mg kg−1 of indium from discarded LCD screens, where, the metal is in the form of indium tin oxide (ITO) (Zhang et al., 2017). In this sense, LCD screens have gained attention as a possible source of indium. Silveira et al. (2015) demonstrated that indium can be recovered from the LCD screens trough dismantling followed by acid leaching. After leaching, a solution with low indium concentration is generated. The precipitation process is normally used for the recovery. However, precipitation can lead to more environmental problems (Grimes et al., 2017). The problematic recycling process can be mitigated by the application of the adsorption operation (Franco et al., 2017).