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Case Studies
Published in Radko Tiňo, Katarina Vizárová, František Krčma, Milena Reháková, Viera Jančovičová, Zdenka Kozáková, Plasma Technology in the Preservation and Cleaning of Cultural Heritage Objects, 2021
Radko Tiňo, Katarina Vizárová, František Krčma, Milena Reháková, Viera Jančovičová, Zdenka Kozáková
The spectra are shown in Figure 8.70. The characteristic of species for the discharges in water solutions such as molecular band of OH radical and hydrogen and oxygen atomic lines is well visible in both spectra. Also, the potassium lines are presented. The presence of sodium lines at 588 and 589 nm is probably due to the reactor contamination from another experiment where NaCl was used for the conductivity adjustment. The spectrum of the solution after the sample treatment also contains a few lines that are probably titanium. Comparing this result with the surface composition shown in Table 8.9, this is very probable because titanium was significantly removed from the sample surface. The presence of other atomic lines related to the surface contaminants was not detected at this pilot experiment. The full used solution examination will be performed by the ICP-OES technique that allows the determination of nearly all periodic table elements with the appropriate sensitivity.
Atomic Spectroscopy
Published in Ernő Pungor, A Practical Guide to Instrumental Analysis, 2020
The method of inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) is based on the measurement of the optical emission of free atoms or ions excited in an inductively coupled plasma source. The sample is introduced into the plasma in the form of wet or dry aerosol by argon gas flow where all the components of the sample are vaporized, atomized, and ionized. The free atoms and ions are excited and the line spectra of the given atoms and ions are emitted from the plasma. After the separation of one wavelength with a monochromator (one line) or a number of wavelengths at a time with a polychromator from the spectra, the line intensities are measured by an optical detector. The quantitative determination of the elements is done after calibration with standard solutions.
Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry
Published in Grinberg Nelu, Rodriguez Sonia, Ewing’s Analytical Instrumentation Handbook, Fourth Edition, 2019
As research reveals more information about the roles and behaviors of certain elements in biological systems, many major and trace elements are of considerable interest in biological samples such as blood, urine, animal biles, kidney stones, milk and milk powders, and serum electrolytes. Determinations by ICP-OES of essential, toxic, and therapeutic elements are extremely important in a medical research laboratory as well as in a clinical and forensic lab environments. Because of the complex nature of these types of samples, it used to be difficult to analyze these samples before the advent of the ICP-OES instrumentation. ICP-OES has made the analyses of these samples much easier and has led to much lower detection limits for many elements.
Application of recycling waste products for ex situ and in situ water treatment methods
Published in Environmental Technology, 2020
Saidur Rahman Chowdhury, Ernest K. Yanful
Certified reagent grade chemicals and de-ionized distilled water were used to prepare solutions for the experiments. A 10% HNO3 solution was used to treat and rinse glass volumetric flasks and reaction vessels prior to their use. As(V) stock solutions (in the range of 0.5–10 mg/L) were prepared by dissolving As2O5 in de-ionized water using 4 g/L NaOH solution since oxides have enhanced solubility in NaOH solution. For each stock solution, redox potential (Eh) and pH were assessed using a WTW Multi 340i ORP electrode (Wellheim, Germany) and an Orion combination pH electrode respectively. To confirm the presence of the targeted species, ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy) was used to measure As and other metal concentrations in the influent and effluent samples. Operational condition for ICP-OES analysis was 1.1 kW for Power, 15 L/min for Plasma flow, 0.8 L/min for Nebulizer flow, 1.5 L/min for auxiliary flow, 5 s for replicate read time, 40 MHz for frequency, 15 rpm for Pump rate, 25 s for rinse time, and 30 s for sample uptake delay. The ICP-OES instrument measures characteristic emission spectra by optical spectroscopy. The instrument software was programmed to correct for the intensity differences of the internal standard between samples and standards. The standard stock solutions (e.g. As(V), Fe, Ni, Al(III), Cd(II), Cu, Mn and Si) used in the ICP-OES experiment were obtained from VWR Canada. The operational condition (for ICP-OES) for different elements and wavelengths was presented in Table 1.
Interfacial performance and durability of textile reinforced concrete
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2018
Hafsa Jamshaid, Rajesh Mishra, Jiří Militký, Muhammad Tayyab Noman
For quick analysis, ICP-OES is a powerful tool. ICP-OES is a trace-level, elemental analysis technique that can be used to quantify as well as identify the elements present by using emission spectrum of the sample. The concentration of metals in cement samples were determined by the inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer. Optical emission spectroscopy is done on Perkin Elmer optima 2100 DV. In this work, the cement prepared with the direct suspension of powder in the dilute medium of acid was used for ICP evaluation.
Predicting efficiency of different chemical extraction methods in risk assessment of trace metals in sediment of the Persian Gulf
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2018
Ali Mehdinia, Fatemeh Bateni, Neda Sheijooni Fumani
After drying the shell and soft tissues separately, three separate gastropods from a site were randomly selected and powdered with a porcelain mortar. 1 g of dried soft tissues from each category was digested in supra-pure concentrated nitric acid (69%). Also, 1 g of grinded shells and sediments were digested with a supra-pure concentrated nitric acid (69%) and supra pure perchloric acid (60%) in a 4:1 ratio. All samples were placed in a digestion block at 40° C for 1 h and then fully digested at high temperature (140° C) for at least 3 h. The trace metals in shell samples were extracted using the direct Aqua Regia method. Sediment, soft tissue, and shell were digested to analyze the total concentration of metals. (EugeneNg et al.2013; Yap et al.2002). Speciation of metals in soils and sediment was mostly used to predict their bioavailability and toxicity in the organism (Bernhard et al.1986). In this study, single reagent leaching test with HCl and desorption at physiological pH were applied to the sample sediment in HCl digestion method, approximately 5 g of sediment was shaken with 25 mL of 1 M HCl for 2 h and placed in a centrifuge for 10 min at 3200 rpm (Batley 1987). The desorption was performed at physiological pH (Amiard et al.2007). Briefly, each sample (500 mg) was added to a buffer solution of pH 4 (20 mL; prepared with 1% acetic acid and adjusted to the appropriate pH by adding ammonia) and was shaken for 2 h in the ambient temperature. Finally, the samples were centrifuged. Partitioning of metals with the geochemical fractions has also been performed in four fractions as follows:1 – easily or freely leachable fraction: 50 mL of 1.0 M ammonium acetate at pH 7 and room temperature was added to a 10-g dry sediment sample and was shaken for 3 h. 2 – Acid-reducible fraction: The residue was continuously shaken for 3 h with 50 mL of NH2- 50 mL of 0.25 M hydroxylammonium chloride acidified to pH 2 with HCl. 3 – Oxidisable–organic fraction: The residue was oxidized in water bath at 90–95°C with H2O2 (30%). After cooling, 1.0 M ammonium acetate, acidified with HCl to pH 2.0, was added and samples were shaken for 3 h at room temperature. 4 – Resistant fraction: The residual of pervious fraction was digested in a mixture of concentrated nitric acid (69%) and perchloric acid (60%) as in the direct aqua regia method (C. K. Berandah et al.2010; Yap et al.2002). Analyses were performed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The certified reference materials IAEA-405 and IAEA-436 were used to verify the accuracy of data related to sediment and organism, respectively.