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Gene Therapy and Gene Correction
Published in Yashwant V. Pathak, Gene Delivery Systems, 2022
Manish P. Patel, Sagar A. Popat, Jayvadan K. Patel
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome: Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) is an enzyme that is controlled by the HPRT1 gene. It is useful for recycling the nucleotide, especially purines. Purines are essential for the development of cell growth and other functions. Due to a mutation in the HPRT 1 gene on the X chromosome, HPRT enzyme function decreases, which leads to increases in the amount of uric acid (Torres et al. 2007). The rise in uric acid can be seen in all fluids of the human body as well as in various tissues and joints. There are significant changes in CNS functions, including neuronal damage, mental retardation and self-mutilation. It was found that there was no neurological damage until excessive amphetamine administration and/or when there is prolonged inhibition of adenine phosphoribosyl transferase (APRT) (Kamatani 1996).
Medium Design for Cell Culture Processing
Published in Wei-Shou Hu, Cell Culture Bioprocess Engineering, 2020
Thymidine and hypoxanthine are commonly used as pyrimidine and purine sources in contemporary media. They are readily linked to a ribose 5-phosphate in the cell to become inosine monophosphate (IMP) and TMP. IMP enters the synthetic pathway to make AMP and GMP, which are further phosphorylated into ATP and GTP. TMP is converted to UMP and CMP. If hypoxanthine is not available in the medium, de novo synthesis is the primary source and must be sufficiently active to sustain cell growth since the salvage pathway only recycles the base “salvaged” from nucleic acid degradation, but does not generate the nucleosides needed for proliferation. In de novo synthesis, the four nitrogen atoms in each purine ring are derived from glutamine, aspartate, and glycine, while obtaining carbons requires CO2, formate, glycine, and folic acid. The de novo synthesis of pyrimidine similarly requires glutamine, aspartic acid, and CO2. One can see that without a sufficient supply of hypoxanthine, many precursors will be needed for nucleoside biosynthesis.
Enzyme Thermistor Devices
Published in Loïc J. Blum, Pierre R. Coulet, Biosensor Principles and Applications, 2019
Xanthine and hypoxanthine have been measured in the range of 0.1–0.5 mM using xanthine oxidase (EC 1.1.3.22): () Hypoxanethine →XOD xathine+ H2O2 + H2O + O2 () xathine→XODuric acid + H2O2 + H2O + O2
Molecular structure investigation towards pharmacodynamic activity and QSAR analysis on hypoxanthine using experimental and computational tools
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2018
G. Susithra, S. Ramalingam, S. Periandy, R. Aarthi
The Hypoxanthine is normally belongs to heterocycles family which peculiarly contains pyrimidine and imidazole rings. Hypoxanthine is a purine derivative with nitrogenous base rarely found as a constituent nucleic acid [1]. Heterocycles showing in their strange structures where the pyrimidine ring is fused to azolic moieties, are interesting systems being with important biochemical, pharmacological and physicochemical property [2,3] . During the recent decades numerous pyrimidine derivatives have found to have wide clinical and pharmacological applications [4]. Particularly, fused pyrimidine with Imidazole ring persists to attract considerable attention since their great practical usefulness, primarily due to very wide spectrum of biological activities [5,6] . The hypoxanthine naturally has different Tautomerism which resolves the specific prototype of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors present in a specific molecule. Similarly, the fused imidazole and its derivatives are generally having bioactivity against inflammatory mediators [7].