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Magnetic Particle Transport in Complex Media
Published in Nguyễn T. K. Thanh, Clinical Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles, 2018
Lamar O. Mair, Aleksandar N. Nacev, Sagar Chowdhury, Pavel Stepanov, Ryan Hilaman, Sahar Jafari, Benjamin Shapiro, Irving N. Weinberg
Collagen, however, is not the only transport inhibiting protein in the tumour microenvironment. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is present in the extracellular matrix, and also plays a significant role in suppressing both diffusive and driven particle transport. Hyaluronidase is an enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of hyaluronic acid. Recently, Zhou et al. embedded recombinant human hyaluronidase PH20 within the PEG shell of PLGA-PEG particles, demonstrating increased particle penetration into solid tumours for particles containing hyaluronidase in their PEG shells.27 Recombinant human hyaluronidase PH20 has garnered significant attention for its ability to increase the distribution of drug in a tumour volume, and the application is currently undergoing clinical testing. In a human clinical trial (Phase IB) study, PEG-PH20 particle treatments were well tolerated by patients with advanced pancreatic cancer, and the PEG-PH20 particle treatments demonstrated the potential for providing a therapeutic benefit for patients with high HA content tumours.28
Contrast media extravasation
Published in William H. Bush, Karl N. Krecke, Bernard F. King, Michael A. Bettmann, Radiology Life Support (Rad-LS), 2017
Local injections of potential antidotes to reduce the severity of injuries produced by chemotherapeutic agents have also given mixed results. Topical instillation of hyaluronidase has been reported to reduce the size of ulcers produced by contrast media extravasations in mice,25 but significantly increased the inflammatory reaction at extravasation sites in rats.24 Hyaluronidase is an enzyme that breaks down the connective tissue mycopolysaccharide, hyaluronic acid. Large volumes and high concentrations of hyaluronidase have usually been necessary for effectiveness.24,25 Local injection of corticosteroids has been reported to have no effect on contrast medium-induced extravasation injuries in animal studies.29,30
EMA-approved biosimilars
Published in Sarfaraz K. Niazi, Biosimilars and Interchangeable Biologics, 2016
The hyaluronidases are enzymes that break down hyaluronic acid and chondroitin. Hyaluronidase injection is indicated for use to increase the absorption and dispersion of other injected drugs and for related uses. The enzymatic activity of this product is one of its critical quality attributes, and a method for assessing the enzymatic activity of hyaluronidase is described in the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Most hyaluronidase products are natural source proteins, purified from mammalian testicles, whose amino acid sequences vary based on the species and the tissue from which it is obtained. There may also be variability within the same tissue source.
Enhanced hyaluronic acid production in Streptococcus zooepidemicus by an optimized culture medium containing hyaluronidase inhibitor
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2022
Mohaddeseh Samadi, Mahvash Khodabandeh Shahraky, Fatemeh Tabandeh, Saeed Aminzadeh, Morshedi Dina
Some Streptococci including groups A, B, and C produce the biocatalyst of hyaluronidase (HAase), a family of enzymes that cleaves the (1-4)-(1-3)-linkages between N-acetyl glucosamine and glucuronate, and degrade HA. By catalyzing the hydrolysis of hyaluronan, hyaluronidase lowers the viscosity of HA. It is assumed that Streptococci pathogens use hyaluronidase as a virulence factor to destroy HA. In nutrient deficiency, these bacteria utilize hyaluronic acid, which was previously made during the growth phase, as the carbon source and so decrease the production yield of HA.[14,15]