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Heptachlor Epoxide
Published in Philip H. Howard, Edward M. Michalenko, William F. Jarvis, Dipak K. Basu, Gloria W. Sage, William M. Meylan, Julie A. Beauman, D. Anthony Gray, Handbook of Environmental FATE and EXPOSURE DATA, 2017
Philip H. Howard, Edward M. Michalenko, William F. Jarvis, Dipak K. Basu, Gloria W. Sage, William M. Meylan, Julie A. Beauman, D. Anthony Gray
Artificial Sources: Heptachlor epoxide is not produced commercially in the US nor is it normally present as an impurity in commercial heptachlor [75]. It is formed by the chemical and biological transformation of heptachlor in the environment [75]. These include photolytic action on plant surfaces, bacterial action, and microsomal oxidation in organisms [91]. Heptachlor, a non-systemic stomach and contact insecticide was introduced commercially in 1952 and was used for control of soil insects, seed treatment, and termite control [147]. Heptachlor’s use may be gauged from the statistics that an estimated 930 kg were used in the US in 1974 as follows: on corn, 58%; by pest control operators, 26.8%; as a seed treatment, 13.2%; miscellaneous, 2% [75]. On March 6, 1978, the US EPA cancelled the registration of heptachlor and chlordane, which contains 10% heptachlor [91]; the settlement calling for phasing out agricultural uses of the pesticide [75]. After July 1, 1983 heptachlor and chlordane may only be used for underground termite control [75]. After application of heptachlor to soil, the epoxide is measurable in air after 6 days and in soil after 21 days [109].
List of Chemical Substances
Published in T.S.S. Dikshith, and Safety, 2016
Exposures to heptachlor epoxide cause adverse health effects to animals and humans. Exposure to heptachlor is toxic by mouth, by skin contact, as well as by inhalation of dust from powder concentrates. Heptachlor acts as a CNS stimulant. Prolonged period of exposures to high concentrations of heptachlor cause headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, weakness, irritability, salivation, lethargy, respiration distress, muscle tremors, convulsions, and paralysis. Severe cases of poisoning lead to respiratory failure and death. In fact, seizures and cortical excitability are the prime CNS symptoms following acute hepta-chlor exposure. The photoisomer of heptachlor (photoheptachlor) and the major metabolite of heptachlor, namely, heptachlor epoxide are more toxic than the parent compound. Heptachlor induces tremors, convulsions, paralysis, and hypothermia in rats and young calves. The poisoned animals showed muscle spasms in the head and neck region, convulsive seizures, elevated body temperatures, and engorged brain blood vessels.
Activated Sludge Process for Refractory Pollutants Removal
Published in Maulin P. Shah, Removal of Refractory Pollutants from Wastewater Treatment Plants, 2021
Reyhan Ata, Gökçe Faika Merdan, Günay Yıldız Töre
Heptachlor is an organochlorine compound that was previously used as an insecticide with the molecular structure of C10H5Cl7. It is a refractory chemical which is lipophilic and poorly soluble in water. It is considered as a possible human carcinogen and is toxic to the environment and aquatic environment (NIOSH 2020).
Spatio-temporal variations in hydrochemistry and quality of surface water in Bharathapuzha River Basin, Kerala, India
Published in Water Science, 2022
The sampling location KRR-1 showed exceeded values for all these parameters during MON and PRM. The content of Cl− was found beyond the limit only in PRM, and that too at KRR-1. Excessive Cl− concentration increases rates of corrosion of metals in the distribution system, depending on the alkalinity of water. This can lead to increased concentrations of metals in the supply. No health-based guideline value is proposed for chloride in drinking-water. However, chloride concentrations in excess of about 250 mg/liter can give rise to detectable taste in water (WHO, 2008). Moreover, four samples collected during PRM revealed the presence of pesticides Aldrin and Heptachlor crossing the WHO drinking water guidelines. Prolonged exposure to heptachlor has been associated with damage to the liver and central nervous system toxicity. Aldrin, under most environmental conditions, is rapidly converted into dieldrin, which is a highly persistent organochlorine compound that has low mobility in soil, can be lost to the atmosphere and bioaccumulate. Both aldrin and heptachlor were already banned in India (Kumar, 2004). The percentage of surface water samples showing good quality for all the studied parameters for MON, POM, and PRM are found to be 44%, 67%, and 33%, respectively.
Agricultural pesticide residues in water from a karstic aquifer in Yucatan, Mexico, pose a risk to children’s health
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Javier Perera-Rios, Elizabeth Ruiz-Suarez, Pedro de Jesús Bastidas-Bastidas, Fernando May-Euán, Gloria Uicab-Pool, José Belisario Leyva-Morales, Enrique Reyes-Novelo, Norma Pérez-Herrera
Based on Mexican regulations (NOM-127-SSA1-1994) (DOF, 2000) establishing permissible limits for water quality for human use and consumption, as well as WHO reference values ([WHO] World Health Organization 2011), aldrin interval concentrations reached values higher than maximum permissible levels of the pesticides than were observed in a high range of < LOD-0.1266 µg/L, with mean concentration in an interval from 0.0166 to 0.0669 µg/L (Table 1). Heptachlor interval concentrations reached values higher than maximum permissible levels according to NOM-127-SSA1-1994 ([DOF] Diario Oficial de la Federación 2000). We observed in extremes of <LOD – 0.0780 µg/L, with mean concentration in an interval from 0.03-0-05 µg/L; in contrast, heptachlor is not permitted by [EPA] Environmental Protection Agency (2018) for human use and consumption. Also, 18 pesticides were present in levels <LOD; these pesticide residues were captan, p,p’-DDE, dieldrin, endrin, endrin ketone, endrin aldehyde, α-endosulfan, β-endosulfan, heptachlor epoxide, cis-chlordane, trans-chlordane, α-BHC, δ-BHC lindane, methyl parathion, γ-cyhalothrin, fipronil, and pymetrozine.