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Chemical Rocket Propellants
Published in D.P. Mishra, Fundamentals of Rocket Propulsion, 2017
This is the simplest peroxide that has been used as a viable liquid propellant in rocket engine application as it can decompose into water and oxygen by undergoing exothermic reaction. In its purest form, it is a colorless liquid with viscosity slightly higher than water. Hydrogen peroxide can be used either as a monopropellant or as an oxidizer of bipropellant. In rocket engine, highly concentrated (70%–98%) hydrogen peroxide is usually used as monopropellant, which is often referred to as the high test peroxide (HTP).
Kinetics of combined hydrothermal pretreatment and anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic biomass (pepper plant and eggplant)
Published in Environmental Technology, 2023
K. Hamraoui, J. A. Siles, A. F. Chica, M. A. Martín, H. El Bari
Recently, low-pressure hydrothermal pretreatment (HTP) has been reported to be a more energy-efficient method than other conventional thermal pretreatment methods (i.e. steam explosion) [10]. HTP consists of the application of hot water or steam to partially solubilize biomass or complex substrates. Both the temperature and the exposure time may influence pretreatment performance. Nevertheless, the temperature tends to be the most important factor for the disintegration of biomass and to increase anaerobic biodegradability. HTP is performed at a similar temperature range (120–260°C) to the conventional thermal pretreatment method with a pressure of 2–6 MPa [11]. Gnaoui et al. [12] tested the anaerobic digestion of pretreated food waste at 100°C for 30 min (at low pressure) and reported a methane yield value of 383 mLSTP CH4/g VS (23.68% higher than untreated food waste), while biodegradability increased from 83.2 ± 3% to 91.4 ± 4.1%. However, further research is still required to optimize the applicability of HTP to different organic wastes.
Chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass: A critical comparison between biochemical, microwave and thermochemical conversion methods
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2021
Iris K. M. Yu, Huihui Chen, Felix Abeln, Hadiza Auta, Jiajun Fan, Vitaly L. Budarin, James H. Clark, Sophie Parsons, Christopher J. Chuck, Shicheng Zhang, Gang Luo, Daniel C.W Tsang
Hydrothermal process (HTP) utilizes water as the solvent and reaction medium, enabling the use of wet biomass without the prior energy-intensive dewatering step. By avoiding the vaporization of water or the use of expensive or hazardous chemicals, HTP is simple, cost-effective, and potentially environmentally benign (Garrote et al., 1999), complying with the principles of Green Chemistry (Anastas & Warner, 1998).