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Synapses
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 2020
To gain a better understanding of second-messenger systems, it is necessary to review first some biochemistry in order to explain the structure of an important, typical second-messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP) and the guanine-derived phosphates. It should be recalled that two of the basic constituents of nucleic acids are the purine compounds adenine and guanine. When attached to the 1ʹ carbon atom of a ribose sugar molecule (Figure 6.10), they become the nucleosides adenosine and guanosine, respectively. When a single phosphate group is attached to the 5ʹ carbon atom of a ribose sugar molecule, these nucleosides become the nucleotides adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and guanosine monophosphate (GMP), respectively. However, another phosphate group can attach to the first phosphate group to give adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and guanosine diphosphate (GDP), respectively. The attachment of a third phosphate group to the second phosphate group, gives adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and guanosine triphosphate (GTP), respectively. cAMP molecule.
Investigation of the embryo-toxicity of the antiviral drug “Ribavirin” in Wistar rats during different gestation periods
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2023
Mohamed Magdy, Abd El Wahab El Ghareeb, Taha M. A. Eldebss, Heba Ali Abd El Rahman
The quantity of ribavirin that has passed through the placenta is changed to ribavirin-5-phosphate inside the fetus’s cells, which impacts the performance of Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) that is involved in the production of nitrogenous base guanosine monophosphate. So ribavirin impacts the transcription of DNA within the fetus [23] . In addition, ribavirin impacts active cells, which shows why ribavirin is teratogenic to the fetus; since the cells are constantly and perpetually dividing, this implies that they must generate new genetic information, so inhibiting DNA synthesis as a result of action on IMPDH, cumulative impact manifested as teratogens in distinct fetal areas [22]. This outcome is compatible with Salman et al. [43] when they investigated the effects of ribavirin at various dosages of 10, 20, and 50 mg/kg on rat fetuses and their skeletons.
Principles for quorum sensing-based exogeneous denitrifier enhancement of nitrogen removal in biofilm: a review
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2023
Ying-nan Zhu, Jinfeng Wang, Qiuju Liu, Ying Jin, Lili Ding, Hongqiang Ren
Quorum sensing plays a crucial role in nitrogen metabolism and nutrient metabolism, including carbon metabolization, nitrification, and denitrification (Cheng et al., 2017; Mellbye et al., 2016). In the presence of resource gradients (nutrients or toxics), biofilms exhibit metabolic versatility and phenotype plasticity via QS regulation (Nelson et al., 2014). At the same time, it is involved in the complex environment, such as impulse shock of toxic substances and nutrients, competitive metabolism, and preferential utilization of substrates. Notably, the accumulation of denitrification intermediates NO (nitric oxide) may lead to biofilm dispersion, as NO reacts with superoxide and form cell-toxic radical ONOO–. This process mediates by the downregulation of cellular bis-(3′-5′)-cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) concentrations when NO increases (Rumbaugh & Sauer, 2020). Transcriptomic analysis following QQ indicated that QS affected the nitrification process of N. winogradskyi (Mellbye et al., 2016). The denitrification activity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was enhanced after deletion of the AHL synthase gene and could be inhibited by the addition of exogenous AHL under anaerobic conditions (Toyofuku et al., 2007).
Computational modeling of inhibitory signal transduction in urinary bladder PDGFRα+ cells
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Amritanshu Gupta, Rohit Manchanda
In animal models, it has been demonstrated that nitric oxide (NO) induces dSMC relaxation, and the application of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors reduced detrusor contractions (Mumtaz et al. 2000; Mamas et al. 2003). NO acts in target tissues via the nitric oxide-soluble guanyl cyclase-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (NO-sGC-cGMP) pathway. However, in isolated guinea pig bladder preparations, the application of the NO donor sodium nitroprusside did not raise cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels in the dSMCs suggesting the involvement of an indirect pathway for mediation of NO-induced relaxation (Gillespie and Drake 2004). This indirect pathway could be via NO action on PDGFRα+ cells, which express the nitric oxide sensitive soluble guanylyl cyclase (NO-sGC) and exhibit intense cGMP immunoreactivity (Blair et al. 2014).