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Small Molecules: Process Intensification and Continuous Synthesis
Published in Anthony J. Hickey, Sandro R.P. da Rocha, Pharmaceutical Inhalation Aerosol Technology, 2019
The use of green chemistry metrics to produce a comparison among different routes of synthesis is a powerful way to demonstrate improvement over time or where justification is needed for the selection of one route over another. Chemists at DSM and Hoffmann-La Roche used this technique to compare three routes of synthesis and recommended the green chemistry metrics process as methodology to identify the most important areas of a synthesis for optimisation.9
Biocoatings and additives as promising candidates for ultralow friction systems
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2021
Marcia Gabriely A. da Cruz, Tetyana M. Budnyak, Bruno V. M. Rodrigues, Serhiy Budnyk, Adam Slabon
After the examples of advances using chitosan and chitosan derivatives as lubricant materials, we should be careful before labeling a novel material or method as sustainable, ‘bio’ and/or even ‘green’. So far, most of the methods using chitosan derivatives have been using hazardous reactants and solvents, while complex and energy-consuming synthesis pathways are still required. In order to ensure to be under the Green Chemistry metrics, it is important to keep carrying investigations based on greener solvents, non-hazardous materials/reactants, or even solvent-less reaction. Furthermore, special attention should be direct to microwave-assisted methods, which have advantages including energy-saving processes, shorter synthesis time and higher yield, lower processing cost, and rapid and uniform heating.
Biobased polymers from lignocellulosic sources
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2023
Rachele N. Carafa, Daniel A. Foucher, Guerino G. Sacripante
For some of the synthetic processes previously described, green chemistry metrics involving the E factor (E), atom economy (AE), mass intensity (MI), reaction mass efficiency (RME), effective mass yield (EMY), and solvent intensity (SI) were calculated following previously described methods (Table 4) (55,56). Only reactions involving heavy synthesis were analyzed using green chemistry metrics, thereby excluding the polymer blends as well as the polyurethane foam composites previously mentioned. These metrics were calculated based on the information provided by the authors on the quantities of reagents used. For a complete analysis of how these values were obtained, please refer to the supplementary.