China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Air infiltration and natural ventilation
Published in Ian Beausoleil-Morrison, Fundamentals of Building Performance Simulation, 2020
The method presumes that mass flows are driven exclusively by pressure differences across openings in the building envelope or through openings connecting zones. Mass balances are formed and solved to respect the principle of the conservation of mass. Al-though the method considers the conservation of mass within the network, the conservation of momentum is not considered. This assumption implies that momentum effects are negligible, which is not true for some airflow situations.
Mass and Energy Balances in Food Processing
Published in Susanta Kumar Das, Madhusweta Das, Fundamentals and Operations in Food Process Engineering, 2019
Susanta Kumar Das, Madhusweta Das
The basic principle of mass balance involves law of conservation of mass within a system. Thus, mass balance for any process in generalized form can be written as Inflow(inputs)=outflow(outputs)+accumulation
Modeling and virtual prototyping
Published in Fuewen Frank Liou, Rapid Prototyping and Engineering Applications, 2019
The law of conservation of mass states that the mass of a system of substances is constant, regardless of the processes acting inside the system. In other words, the mass that enters a system must either leave the system or accumulate within the system: (Rateofmassin)=(Rateofmassout)+(Rateofchangeofmasscontent)
Primary recovery factor as a function of production rate: implications for conventional reservoirs with different drive mechanisms
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2019
Arshad Raza, Raoof Gholami, Richard Wheaton, Minou Rabiei, Vamegh Rasouli, Reza Rezaee
In this study, the material balance commercial tool (MBAL) of Petroleum Experts software was used as it provides a better understanding of the reservoir behavior and allows us to model any types of reservoir fluids. The material balance concept is based on the principle of the conservation of mass. The equations of the material balance were developed by Schilthius and equate the cumulative observed production (expressed as the underground withdrawal) to the expansion of the fluid in the reservoir, resulting from the finite pressure drop. This tool consists of an input section where fluid, rock, and reservoir properties can be imported together with a history matching and production prediction section. In the input section, the aquifer type and its properties, relative permeability curves, transmissibility parameters, history of the production and injection of the well and the reservoir can be defined. The data used in this study was chosen such that different drive mechanisms (i.e., solution gas, gas cap, weak water, and strong water in oil reservoirs together with the volumetric, weak, and strong water in the gas reservoirs (Dake 2001)) could be simulated.
Transboundary atmospheric pollution in Southeast Asia: current methods, limitations and future developments
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2018
The mass balance approach can be used to quantify TAP and determine the total TAP contribution in a receptor area. The approach is based on the law of conservation of mass (Council, 1978), which states that in open systems the input of mass should be equal to the output and accumulation of mass (Goss & Petrucci, 2007). Pollution received at a receptor, which is an open system, comprises both TAP and local pollution. Estimating the contribution from local sources therefore provides the means to establish the level of TAP. To achieve this, a specific geographic area is defined as a receptor (e.g. an entire country, or a part of a country, such as an urban area or a lake basin and its catchment) (Paulson, Feely, Curl, Crecelius, and Romberg, 1988; Scudlark, Conko, and Church, 1994; Yang, Rose, Battarbee, and Boyle, 2002). Although the approach sounds simple, determining local pollution levels can be challenging (Heyvaert, Reuter, Slotton, and Goldman, 2000). A simpler approach involves the direct determination of TAP in receptor areas that are sufficiently far away from ambient local emission sources. Thus, the local emissions are presumed to be equal to zero and the TAP is directly represented by the total received pollution. These observation locations are normally chosen on offshore islands or inland places that are at least 100 km away from the nearest emission sources (Li et al., 2017; Vuthyrak et al, 2006). Also, the sedimentation records from remote lakes, where there are little or no local pollution inputs, can provide information on past levels of TAP (Greenwood, Mills, Vrana, Boer, and Van Bavel, 2009; Kallenborn, Hung, and Brorström-Lundén, 2015; Kuwae et al., 2013).
The paradigm of complex probability and Ludwig Boltzmann's entropy
Published in Systems Science & Control Engineering, 2018
In the complex set 𝒞 we have the entropy always equal to 0, so no loss no gain but complete conservation of information. The Lavoisier principle in chemistry and science affirms that mass and energy are conserved. The Law of Conservation of Mass (or Matter) in a chemical reaction can be stated thus: In a chemical reaction, matter is neither created nor destroyed. Knowing that it was discovered by Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1743–94) about 1785. Therefore, it applies also to information theory (Abou Jaoude, 2017b) and statistical mechanics.