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Emollient Esters and Oils
Published in Randy Schueller, Perry Romanowski, Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin, 2020
John Carson, Kevin F. Gallagher
The simplest of the glycols is ethylene glycol. This material has been used for making esters and diesters for many years. The most common of these are the stearate esters. These are made by the reaction of stearic acid (usually triple-pressed stearic acid) and ethylene glycol in various ratios, to produce either a glycol monostearate ester or a glycol distearate ester. Variations on this theme have used diethylene glycol or triethylene glycol to add second or third ether linkages between the ester groups in order to increase the polarity and improve water dispersibility. These materials are used in surfactant products to produce opacity and pearlescence. They are also used in stick products to produce structure and in emulsions as the low HLB emulsifier component.
Application of the response surface methodology for modeling demulsification of crude oil emulsion using a demulsifier
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2018
Negin Roshan, Sattar Ghader, Mohammad Reza Rahimpour
The capability of the selected demulsifiers in breaking water-in-oil emulsion was evaluated through the common bottle test method. The supplied crude oil was mixed with water to obtain a 10% (v/v) and 20% (v/v) water-in-oil emulsion. The emulsion was prepared in a 500 ml beaker using Mtops MS280D-SET as a mechanical mixer with 3000 rpm for 10 min to homogenize the emulsion. The pH of the water phase was adjusted with HCL and NaOH solutions to the desired value. In order to check the stability of the emulsion, a prepared sample of water-in-oil emulsion was placed in an electrical oven at 60 for 24 h and no water separation was observed. The diameter range of droplets was determined using Nikon optical microscope. It was observed that various droplets in the range of 1–60(µm) appear in the emulsion before bottle test. Poly(ethylene glycol) distearate (PEGD) was dissolved in toluene/ethanol (3:1 v/v) and the rest of prepared demulsifiers were dissolved in ethanol to enhance their effect in destabilizing the emulsion. A certain concentration of prepared agents in mg/L was injected in to 100 ml water-in-oil emulsion and after mixing for 5 min, the bottles were placed in oven at fixed temperature for 24 h. The amount of separated water can be observed during the dehydration process, and the rate of demulsification can be determined from following equation where v0 is the initial volume of water and v is the separated volume of water phase.[16]