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Resin-Based Composites in Dentistry—A Review
Published in S. M. Sapuan, Y. Nukman, N. A. Abu Osman, R. A. Ilyas, Composites in Biomedical Applications, 2020
Z. Radzi, R. A. Diab, N. A. Yahya, M. A. G. Gonzalez
In 1956, the era of dental RBCs started when Bowen synthesized a new monomer, 2,2-bis[4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacrylyloxypropoxy)phenyl]propane, which is also known as Bis-GMA. It resembles an epoxy resin; however, the epoxy groups are replaced by methacrylate groups. It is prepared from bisphenol A and glycidyl methacrylate or diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A and methacrylic acid; therefore, it is a dimethacrylate (Bowen, 1959). Polymerization of the monomer occurs through carbon-carbon double bonds (C=C) of the two methacrylate groups. Bis-GMA is superior to methyl methacrylate because of its large molecular size and chemical structure, providing lower volatility, lower polymerization shrinkage, more rapid hardening, and production of stronger and stiffer resins.
Synthesis, Designing and Challenges of Functionalized Polymeric Nanomaterials and Their Spectroscopic Applications
Published in Kaushik Pal, Nanomaterials for Spectroscopic Applications, 2021
Jitha S. Javan, A. S. Sethulekshmi, Gopika Venn, Appukuttan Saritha, Kuruvilla Joseph
Chevigny et al. [60] and Liu et al. [61] grafted polystyrene onto the surface of silica nanoparticles by means of nitroxide mediated polymerization method (NMP) radical addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) mechanisms respectively. In another study, Bartholome et al. [59] followed the NMP method using a triethoxysilyl-terminated alkoxy amine-based initiator. Using atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) Shen et al. [62] grafted poly(glycidyl methacrylate) onto magnetic nanoparticle using the glycidyl methacrylate monomer. Sunday et al. [63] grafted PS onto the silica nanoparticles by means of ATRP and RAFT and analyzed its self-assembly in the PS matrix. They observed a phase separation which confirmed the self-assembly of the grafted nanoparticle. Li et al. [64] followed the method of ATRP, and grafted poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and poly(methoxy-oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate) onto the gold nanoparticles. The grafted polymeric nanoparticles were capable of showing thermosensitive nanostructures due to the self-assembly. The polymeric nanopar-ticles were showing a core-shell structure and the structure was responsive to temperature with two critical points. Hong et al. [65] used the RAFT method for the polymerization of mesoporous silica nanoparticles and made particles having core-shell nanostructures as shown in Fig. 5.9. Gupta et al. [66] studied the self-assembly of diblock copolymer grafted by means of theoretical modeling by varying factors like a fraction of block copolymer, loading of nanoparticle, number and size of grafted chain and confinement degree. Possible structures like a ring, disk, helical, and concentric lamellar phases were identified. Barandiaran et al. [67] made >lamellar shaped poly(styrene-b-methylmethacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) block copolymer by grafting it onto magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles.
Polymers in Special Uses
Published in Manas Chanda, Plastics Technology Handbook, 2017
Polymers containing reactive cross-linking groups such as epoxy or allyl are commonly used for negative-working electron beam resists. A typical example is a copolymer of glycidyl methacrylate and ethyl acrylate. Co-polymers of glycidyl methacrylate and 3-chlorostyrene have been shown to have high sensitivity, good adhesion, and plasma resistance. These materials are commercially available.
Investigating the rheological properties and compatibility behaviours of RET/PE and WR/CR/SBS compound-modified bitumen
Published in Road Materials and Pavement Design, 2023
Shisong Ren, Xueyan Liu, Ruxin Jing, Yangming Gao, Peng Lin, Sandra Erkens
The reactive ethylene terpolymer (RET) polymers are typically on the basis of ethylene, glycidyl-methacrylate (GMA) and an ester group. They show the similar molecular characteristics with PE-based modifiers and chemical reaction capacity to bitumen components (Tauste-Martinez et al., 2021). The high reactivity promoted its role as a compatibiliser for different polymeric blends, such as the polyethylene, polyolefins and polyesters (Padhan et al., 2019). Rheo-chemical results demonstrated that the RET elastomer could react with the carboxylic groups in asphaltenes and form a polymer network structure, improving the elastic performance (Jiao et al., 2019) and storage stability of RET-modified bitumen (Keyf, 2018; Prosperi et al., 2022). In addition, it was suggested that the incorporation of RET had affirmative influence on permanent deformation and thermo-oxidation aging resistance (Geckil & Seloglu, 2018; Irfan et al., 2017; Shahane & Bhosale, 2021), as well as superior cohesion and adhesion performance to crumb rubber (Xiao et al., 2022). Notably, RET played a vital role in improving the compatibility between polymers (SBS (Joohari et al., 2022) and HDPE (Gama et al., 2018)) and bitumen owing to its high polarity and chemical cross-linking capability.
Development of reversibly color changing textile materials by applying some thermochromic microcapsules containing different color developers
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2022
M. Selda Tözüm, Sennur Alay Aksoy, Cemil Alkan
For microcapsules applications, PMMA/GMA/TC1 and PMMA/GMA/TC2 microcapsules with TC1 and TC2 core were used which were synthesized by emulsion polymerization method in our previous studies (Tözüm et al., 2018; 2020a). Glycidyl methacrylate co-monomer was added at a rate of 10% of the methyl methacrylate monomer. Microcapsules had spherical shapes, and uniform sizes with smooth surfaces. The average sizes of PMMA/GMA/TC1 and PMMA/GMA/TC2 microcapsules were 18 µm and 11 µm, respectively. The heat storage capacities of PMMA/GMA/TC1 and PMMA/GMA/TC2 microcapsules were measured as 202.4 J/g and 186.5 J/g, respectively. The shell/core ratio of microcapsules was 0.5:1 (Tözüm et al., 2018; 2020a). The core materials of the PMMA/GMA walled microcapsules were different from each other. TCs which formed the core material consisted of three components: color former, color developer and co-solvent. The color former and co-solvent components of the TCs forming the core materials were CVL dye and TD, respectively. The only difference between the TC1 and TC2 was the use of different color developers. The used color developer for TC1 was BPA while was phenolphthalein (PP) for TC2. In both composites, the weight ratio of the dye, color developer and co-solvent was 1/4/70, respectively. The characterization results of the synthesized microcapsules showed that microcapsules exhibited the visible color change and had quite high heat storage capacity (Tözüm et al., 2018; 2020a).
Novel methacrylate copolymers functionalized with fluoroarylamide; copolymerization kinetics, thermal stability and antimicrobial properties
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2021
At the beginning of this research, we synthesized a methacrylate monomer (OTFAMA) whose side chain carries three fluoro-substituted arylamide groups. Next, copolymers based on novel methacrylate monomer (OTFAMA) and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) monomers were prepared by the free radical polymerization method. Synthesis of a novel methacrylic monomer containing three fluoro substituted arylamide group and copolymerization of this monomer with an important commercial monomer such as GMA is considered to be interesting for flourine chemistry. In this work, it was aimed to define the kinetics of radical copolymerization of the new OTFAMA monomer with GMA, to calculate the monomer reactivity ratios, and to investigate the thermal behavior with kinetics and the biological activities of the obtained copolymers. The results were discussed in detail and the relationship between structure and activity was revealed.