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Extraction, Isolation and Utilisation of Bioactive Compounds from Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Waste
Published in Quan V. Vuong, Utilisation of Bioactive Compounds from Agricultural and Food Waste, 2017
Narashans Alok Sagar, Sunil Sharma, Sunil Pareek
The ethanolic rind extract obtained from rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) showed anti-hyper glycemic properties. The major bioactive compound found in the rind was geraniin which possessed high antioxidant activity. The analysis of geraniin was done by HPLC-LCMS/MS and NMR (Palanisamy et al. 2011). Geraniin, an ellagitannin, could be obtained through the crude ethanolic extract of rind of rambutan using reverse-phase C18 column chromatography, but only 21 per cent yield of geraniin could be obtained. The prominent impurities, like corilagin and elaeocarpus, were primarily identified by LC-MS and these were reported to possess similar bioactive properties as geraniin (Perera et al. 2012).
Drying kinetics and effect of air-drying temperature on chemical composition of Phyllanthus amarus and Phyllanthus niruri
Published in Drying Technology, 2018
Adriana Dutra Sousa, Paulo Riceli Vasconcelos Ribeiro, Kirley Marques Canuto, Guilherme Julião Zocolo, Rita de Cassia Alves Pereira, Fabiano André Narciso Fernandes, Edy Sousa de Brito
The compounds extracted in greater amounts from the P.amarus sample dried at 70°C as compared with the one dried at 50°C were rutin, quercetin-3-O-hexoside, phyllanthusiin C, and repandusinic acid A. These same compounds were better extracted from the P. niruri sample dried at 70°C than at 50°C, except for rutin, which is generally not present in P. niruri extracts. Rutin and quercetin-3-O-hexoside are flavonoids, whereas phyllanthusiin C and repandusinic acid A are ellagitannins. In a study about the influence of drying methods on total flavonoids and total polyphenols content of loquat flower, it was observed that, in hot-air dried samples, the contents of both components increased as the drying temperature was raised from 40 to 80°C.[28] Another study reported that the rutin content in A. chilensis berries was increased when the drying temperature was raised from 40 to 80°C.[10] One reason for this increase might be the establishment of a balance between drying temperature and time. In addition, a portion of the polyphenols and flavonoids may have been transformed from a bound state to a free state at high temperature.[28] The compounds better extracted from the P.amarus sample dried at 50°C were ellagic acid, gallic acid, and niruriflavone, whereas the P. niruri sample dried at 50°C produced geraniin, orientin-2″-O-rhamnoside, vitexin-2″-O-rhamnoside, and brevifolin carboxylic acid as the most characteristic compounds. Ellagic acid, gallic acid, and brevifolin carboxylic acid are phenolic acids. Niruriflavone, orientin-2″-O-rhamnoside, and vitexin-2″-O-rhamnoside are flavonoids, whereas geraniin is an ellagitannin. Esparza-Martínez et al.[29] studied the effect of air-drying temperature on some phenolic acids, including ellagic and gallic acids, along with some flavonoids of lime wastes, and they observed that the increase in temperature from 60 to 90°C decreased the content of these compounds. These findings indicate that these components were more affected by drying conditions and are, thus, more thermally sensitive than other phenolic compounds.