China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Multiple Functionalities for RNA Nanoparticles
Published in Peixuan Guo, Kirill A. Afonin, RNA Nanotechnology and Therapeutics, 2022
Yelixza I. Avila, Martin Panigaj
The spectrum of RNA functions is sufficiently broad to cover almost all cellular processes. RNA nanoconstructs are modular and programmable with an option to combine and interchange various RNA species by their integration to RNA scaffold. The repertoire of functionalities mostly includes aptamers, RNAi activators (small interfering RNAs - siRNAs, small hairpin RNAs- shRNAs, micro RNAs- miRNAs), and ribozymes. In addition to RNA, DNA oligonucleotides may be used as antimicro RNAs (antimiRs) or decoys. The DNA/RNA aptamers are selected by directed evolution to bind its target (e.g., protein or metabolite) with an affinity comparable to monoclonal antibodies. The functionality of an aptamer is defined by its secondary and tertiary structure. In the last decade, aptamers have been shown to function not only as delivery agents for therapeutic cargo, but many aptamers upon receptor recognition elicit antagonistic or agonistic responses that, in combination with transported therapeutics, have the potential of synergism.23 On the other side, RNAi activators exert their function by fully or partial complementary base-pairing to its target mRNA (siRNA, shRNA, and miRNA) downregulating the expression of a specific gene or set of genes while application of antimiR oligonucleotides inhibits endogenous miRNAs, consequently resulting in the upregulation of genes silenced by miRNA. The decoys are DNA oligonucleotides with sequences equal to transcription factor binding sites in genomic DNA. The presence of decoys in the cell prevents transcription factor binding to genomic DNA.
Nanomaterials for the Delivery of Therapeutic Nucleic Acids
Published in Klaus D. Sattler, st Century Nanoscience – A Handbook, 2020
Michael Riley, Wilfred Vermerris
The biogenesis of miRNA starts with transcription of genomic DNA encoding a primary pre-miRNA (pri-miRNA) by RNA polymerase II that is subsequently polyadenylated at the 3’ end and capped at the 5’ end (Figure 5.2). The ends of the pri-miRNA are cleaved by the enzyme Drosha, resulting in a pre-miRNA of 70–90 nucleotides that is exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where Dicer cleaves it into mature miRNAs that are loaded in the RISC. Two differences with siRNAs (Section 5.3.1) are that the passenger strand is discarded, rather than degraded, and that miRNAs are only partially complementary to their target mRNAs and tend to target the 3’ untranslated region (UTR) of the mRNA. Binding of the RISC complex to target RNAs can cause the translation of mRNA to be stalled or result in RNA cleavage or degradation (Zamore et al. 2000) (Figure 5.2).
Molecular and Cellular Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Published in Richard K. Burt, Alberto M. Marmont, Stem Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Disease, 2019
George C. Tsokos, Yuang-Taung Juang, Christos G. Tsokos, Madhusoodana P. Nambiar
Although the precise molecular mechanisms underlying ζ chain deficiency is still being examined, current evidence supports the possibility of a transcriptional defect. In SLE, T cells that expressed low levels of T cell receptor ζ chain transcripts, cloning and sequencing revealed more frequent heterogeneous polymorphisms/ mutations and alternative splicing of T cell receptor ζ chain.12,23,24 Most of these mutations are localized to the three immunoreceptor tyrosine activation motifs (ITAM) or guanosine triphosphate (GTP) binding domain and could functionally affect the ζ chain providing a molecular basis to the known T cell signaling abnormalities in SLE T cells. Absence of the mutations/ polymorphisms in the genomic DNA suggests that these are the consequence of irregular RNA editing. SLE patients also showed significant increase in the splice variation of the ζ chain. The splicing abnormality included two insertion splice variants of 145 bases and 93 bases between exons I and II, and also several deletion splice variants of T cell recceptor ζ chain resulting from the deletion of individual exons II, VI, VII, or a combined deletion of exons V and VI; VI and VII; II, III and IV; and V, VI and VII in SLE T cells.
Studies on a new antimicrobial peptide from Vibrio proteolyticus MT110
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2023
Himanshu Verma, Kanti N. Mihooliya, Jitender Nandal, Debendra K. Sahoo
The genomic DNA of the MT110 strain was isolated by using AxyPrep Bacterial Genomic DNA Miniprep Kit. Furthermore, PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene was carried out using universal forward F27 (5′-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3′) and reverse R1492 (5′-TACGGYTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3′) primers as per the standard protocol of PCR amplification in Mastercycler (Eppendorf Pvt. Ltd., Germany). The amplified product was analyzed on 1% (w/v) agarose gel and purified using a DNA extraction kit (Promega Corporation, USA). The sequences of an amplified gene, obtained using an ABI 310 genetic analyzer (Applied Biosystems, USA), were analyzed on the EzTaxon server for identification (http://www.eztaxon.org/).[18] The neighbor-joining method of Mega 7.0 software was used to construct a phylogenetic tree.
The antibiofilm potential of a heteropolysaccharide produced and characterized from the isolated marine bacterium Glutamicibacter nicotianae BPM30
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2023
C. Trilokesh, B. S. Harish, Kiran Babu Uppuluri
The 16S rDNA sequencing was performed in Chromous Biotech Pvt. Ltd. (Bangalore, India) as previously described by Dey et al., 2016.[19] Genomic DNA was extracted using chromous Genomic DNA isolation kit. The 1.3 kb 16S rDNA sequences were amplified using PCR polymerase with forward 5′-CMGSCVTDACACAWGCHAGYC-3′ and reverse 5′-GGCGSMTGWGTNCAAGSV-3′ primers using ABI 3130 Genetic analyzer. The sequence data of BPM30 was analyzed using the NCBI BLAST program. The phylogenetic tree was constructed using the neighbor-joining technique, MUSCLE tool was used for multiple sequence alignment and the Kimura 2-parameter model was employed to calculate the evolutionary distance between the sequences using the MEGA7 software, version 7.0.[20]
Aerobic Biodegradation of DDT by Advenella Kashmirensis and Its Potential Use in Soil Bioremediation
Published in Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal, 2018
Chiraz Abbes, Ahlem Mansouri, Naima Werfelli, Ahmed Landoulsi
Bacterial Genomic DNA was extracted with FERMENTAS Gene JET Genomic DNA purification kit. Primers FwlinA2 and RevlinA2 were used for detection of linA (Lovecka et al.2015): linA-F (5′-GGCCGCGATTCAGGACCTCTACT-3′) and linA-R (5′-CGGCCAGCGGGG TGAAATAGT-3′). The PCR mix was used as described by Lovecka et al. (2015): five mL buffer, 0.5 mL BSA, one mL dNTP (10 mM), 0.1 mL primers (100 mM), 40.8 mL redistilled water, 0.5 mL Taq polymerase DNAzyme II and two mL sample DNA.