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Flexible and Stretchable Liquid Metal Electronics
Published in Katsuyuki Sakuma, Krzysztof Iniewski, Flexible, Wearable, and Stretchable Electronics, 2020
Dishit P. Parekh, Ishan D. Joshipura, Yiliang Lin, Christopher B. Cooper, Vivek T. Bharambe, Michael D. Dickey
Out of all the liquid metals listed previously, gallium has the least amount of toxicity or hazards associated with it.[86] Unlike Hg, gallium has essentially no vapor pressure (can be heated up to ∼2400°C before boiling) at room temperature, which implies that it can be handled outside of a chemical hood without concern for inhalation.[103] Like most metals, metallic gallium has negligible solubility in water and, therefore, could only feasibly enter the blood stream as a salt. Gallium salts (such as gallium nitrate) are an oxidized yet more soluble form of gallium and have been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents and have some therapeutic value.[104] Recently, gallium-based liquid metals were shown to be an effective carrier for anti-cancer drugs.[105] Nevertheless, liquid metals should still be handled with caution as more is learned about their toxicity.[106] For example, a synthesized organo-metallic salt of gallium was found to be poisonous.[86] Due to its low toxicity, gallium is replacing mercury in many cases and is a widely used liquid metal in emerging soft electronic applications. Section 8.5 discusses gallium and its low melting point alloys in detail with a short historic background, followed by its properties and the current applications from the scope of this chapter.
Pathological Manifestations and Mechanisms of Metal Toxicity
Published in Debasis Bagchi, Manashi Bagchi, Metal Toxicology Handbook, 2020
Gallium and Indium Arsenide are used in the semiconductor industry and have been implicated in reproductive toxicity. They reportedly caused male reproductive toxicity in rodents (Omura, Hirata, et al., 1996; Omura, Tanaka, et al., 1996). The effects in rats and mice consist of decreased sperm count and increased morphological abnormalities, especially within the epididymis, while the effects in Hamsters were limited to Gallium Arsenide that included testicular spermatid retention and subsequent reduction in sperm numbers within epididymis. Although Gallium Arsenide showed testicular effects by inhalation exposure, subcutaneous exposure of Gallium Nitrate was not associated with any testicular toxicity (Colomina, Llobet, Sirvent, Domingo, & Corbella, 1993) suggesting that Gallium may not be the direct toxicant. Gallium Arsenide also caused significant lung injury and anemia in rodents that have testicular toxicity, and these other organ system injuries can cause hypoxia, which has been proposed as an indirect cause of Gallium Arsenide-related testicular toxicity (Bomhard, Cohen, Gelbke, & Williams, 2012). To date, no epidemiology studies have implicated Gallium or Indium directly in male or female reproductive effects. Therefore, the reproductive effects of Gallium/Indium Arsenide in rodents, whether direct or indirect, are a hazard that requires appropriate risk assessment in applicable exposure scenarios.
Ga, 31]
Published in Alina Kabata-Pendias, Barbara Szteke, Trace Elements in Abiotic and Biotic Environments, 2015
Alina Kabata-Pendias, Barbara Szteke
Gallium nitrate (brand name Ganite) has been used as an intravenous pharmaceutical to treat hypercalcemia, associated with tumor metastasis to bones. Gallium is thought to interfere with osteoclast function. Gallium-67 salts, such as Ga citrate and Ga nitrate, are used as radiopharmaceutical agents in a nuclear medicine imaging procedure, commonly referred to as a gallium scan. The form or salt of Ga are not important, as it is the free dissolved ion Ga3+, which is the active radiotracer.
Chalconoid metal chelates: spectral, biological and catalytic applications
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2019
The chalcones, thiosemicarbazones (1–4), and zinc(II) chelates (Zn1–Zn4) are not active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the activity of the ligands in the order PyCPh < PyC4ClPh < PyC4BrPhPyC4NO2Ph against Staphylococcus aureus and the order PyCPh < PyC4ClPhPyC4BrPh < PyC4NO2Ph against Candida albicans. This indicates that a halogen or nitro group in the para position of the chalcone phenyl ring enhances activity. The gallium nitrate is inactive against the assayed micro-organisms; binding of gallium(III) (see 32, Scheme 12) to the thiosemicarbazones enhanced antimicrobial activity [66].
Effect of temperature and improving the optoelectrical attributes of copper gallium sulfide (CuGaS2) thin films
Published in Phase Transitions, 2023
Karthikeyan Vijayan, S. P. Vijayachamundeeswari
Copper gallium sulfide solution is prepared and sprayed in a glass substrate using the chemical spray pyrolysis technique. To prepare 0.1 M of CuGaS2 solution, 0.255 g of Copper (II) Chloride dihydrate (CuCl2.2H2O), 0.384 g of Gallium (III) Nitrate (3 Ga(NO3). 9H2O) and 0.228 g of Thiourea (CH4N2S) is taken each, mixed with 15 mL of double distilled water and stirred in magnetic stirrer for 5 - 6 min. Then the copper chloride and gallium nitrate solutions are mixed, followed by adding thiourea solution. Excess thiourea was added to avoid precipitation and compensate for the loss of sulfur during pyrolysis.
Phase composition and magnetism of sol–gel synthesized Ga–Fe–O nanograins
Published in Phase Transitions, 2018
K. Rećko, J. Waliszewski, U. Klekotka, D. Soloviov, G. Ostapczuk, D. Satuła, M. Biernacka, M. Balasoiu, A. Basa, B. Kalska-Szostko, K. Szymański
According to Table 1, two factors are responsible for the type of gelled phase. The first is the order of preparation steps before thermal decomposition, while the second one is the type of precursor that is subjected to polyesterification during the heating of polyhydroxy alcohol in the organic environment. So, hydrated gallium nitrate guarantees o-GFO of good morphology while the gallium chloride leads to h-GFO single-phase. It is noteworthy that the mixture of both inorganic precursors with citric acid leads to desirable c-GFO structure.