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Fate of Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Constructed Wetlands
Published in María del Carmen Durán-Domínguez-de-Bazúa, Amado Enrique Navarro-Frómeta, Josep M. Bayona, Artificial or Constructed Wetlands, 2018
Víctor Matamoros, María Hijosa-Valsero
CWs are capable of removing a great number of CECs, from pharmaceuticals to nanomaterials. Some of the most important design and management parameters for improving the attenuation of pharmaceutical compounds by using CWs are: CW configuration, being VF and SFCWs the most efficient, HRT or HLR, water depth in HFCWs, clogging, the selection of the sorption material, the presence of plants, seasonality, and recirculation. Hybrid systems and aerated CWs have been observed to increase the attenuation of pharmaceutical compounds. Musk fragrances such as galaxolide and tonalide have been observed to be removed by hydrophobic interaction, whereas other personal care products are attenuated by biodegradation (oxybenzone and methyl dihydrojasmoante). EDCs such as bisphenol A, octylphenol, or ethinylestradiol are efficiently removed by CWs, mainly due to hydrophobic interactions with organic matter and consequent biodegradation. The use of CWs in agriculture, such as retention wetlands or buffer strips, has been observed to be relevant for reducing the discharge of pesticides into surface water bodies. The possibility of using CWs for removing some of the most recent concerning CECs such as nanoparticles, antibiotics, and ARGs is making this technology attractive for society, but future research is needed to explore other CECs and their associated toxicity. Overall, a lot of different CW configurations have been studied, and in most of the cases, CWs have been observed to be at least as efficient for removing CECs as conventional WWTPs, and in some cases even as advanced wastewater technologies.
Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) in the environment: Plant uptake, translocation, bioaccumulation, and human health risks
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2021
S. Keerthanan, Chamila Jayasinghe, Jayanta Kumar Biswas, Meththika Vithanage
The PPCPs including antimicrobials (triclocarban and triclosan), UV-filters (Oxybenzone, Enzacamene, and Sulisobenzone) (Aparicio et al., 2018; Ebele et al., 2017) are used in the daily lifespan to improve the quality of life. These reported in the environment due to the lack of technology to remove from the wastewater. Moreover, the preservatives (butylparaben, methylparaben, and propylparaben) (Yang et al., 2017), are widely applied to preserve the cosmetics, food, and pharmaceutical products also detected in the environment. Also, the insect repellents (DEET) (Murray et al., 2010), synthetic musk (divided into nitro musks and polycyclic musks; polycyclic musks such as galaxolide (HHCB) being applied more frequently in a recent year than nitro musks) found in the environment in a range of few µg/L to ng/L. Another widely available PCPs is plasticizers, which are primarily used in cosmetics, shampoo, hair spray and gel, and plastic bottled water. Phthalate compounds such as bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (BEPH) and di-n-butylphthalate (DBP) are the mostly used plasticizers (Saeidnia & Abdollahi, 2013). The artificial sweeteners, for, instance sucralose, saccharin, and acesulfame are another type of PCPs which are utilized to enhance the taste food during the food manufacturing process (Subedi et al., 2015). The perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) such as perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluoropentanoate (PFPeA), perfluorohexanoate (PFHxA), perfluorodecanoate (PFDA), etc. are used as a surface activator used in the packaging, textiles, and paper industries, household-cleaning products, agricultural activities, cosmetic products, medical devices, etc. due to their hydrophilic and hydrophobic behaviors (Li et al., 2020; Shigei et al., 2020). The types of PPCPs and their physicochemical properties are displayed in Table 1.