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Articular Cartilage Development
Published in Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Eric M. Darling, Grayson D. DuRaine, Jerry C. Hu, A. Hari Reddi, Articular Cartilage, 2017
Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Eric M. Darling, Grayson D. DuRaine, Jerry C. Hu, A. Hari Reddi
Wingless and int-Related Proteins: Originally, the wingless genes were identified in Drosophila wing development pathways. Nusse et al. (1984) first described the int family of genes in virus-induced mammary tumors. The int genes were homologous to Drosophila wingless genes, and the nomenclature Wnts derives from the fusion of Wingless and ints. There are about 20 Wnt genes in mammals. Wnts signal via the Frizzled family of cell surface receptors. In the absence of the Wnt ligand, the enzyme glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) phosphorylates β-catenin and targets it for degradation by proteosomes. However, when Wnt activates the cognate cell surface Frizzled receptors, the GSK3 activity is blocked, rendering the β-catenin stable and resulting in translocation into the nucleus to activate the transcription factor lymphoid enhancer factor (LEF)/T-cell transcription factor (TCF). Wnts have been implicated in articular cartilage homeostasis and function (Nusse 2005).
The protective underlying mechanisms of Schisandrin on SH-SY5Y cell model of Alzheimer’s disease
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2019
Zhi-Ying Zhao, Yuan-Qing Zhang, Yong-Hui Zhang, Xie-Ze Wei, He Wang, Ming Zhang, Zhan-Jun Yang, Chun-Hong Zhang
Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β (GSK-3) dysregulation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of numerous disorders affecting the central nervous system (CNS) encompassing both neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases (Golpich et al. 2015). The PI3K/Akt signaling pathway regulates the downstream enzyme GSK-3β and this enzymic activity is significantly reduced after phosphorylation (Hermida, Dinesh, and Leslie 2017). Yao et al. (2019) reported that Osthole derived from Cnidium monnieri, a medicinal plant, activated the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathway leading to decreased tau protein phosphorylation in AD. Therefore, regulation of PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β pathway by Schisandrin A may play an important role in AD. The aim of this study was thus to examine the influence of Schisandrin A on Aβ-mediated cellular damage and the mechanisms underlying the ability of this herb to block the toxic amyloid-mediated actions in SH-SY5Y AD cell model.
Aqueous solubility of beryllium(II) at physiological pH: effects of buffer composition and counterions
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2020
Rebecca C. Lim, Bhagya De Silva, Ji Hye Park, Vernon F. Hodge, Ronald K. Gary
Beryllium salt is biologically active and potentially toxic. It is a potent enzyme inhibitor, acting on the GSK3 kinase in vitro and in cultured human cells.[1–3] When added to cell culture medium, Be2+ can elicit changes in gene expression and induction of cell cycle arrest.[4–7] Biochemical mechanism of action studies necessitate the preparation of beryllium salt solutions that can be used to assess metal-protein interactions under biologically-relevant conditions. However, the limited aqueous solubility of Be2+ presents unique technical difficulties that are not present for most other metal ions of biological interest.
The effect of experimentally-induced diabetes on rat hippocampus and the potential neuroprotective effect of Cerebrolysin combined with insulin. A histological and immunohistochemical study
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2023
Doaa El-Adli, Salwa A. Gawish, Amany AbdElFattah Mohamed AbdElFattah, Mona Fm. Soliman
Explaining the immunohistochemical results of Group III, it has been reported that insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) receptors are major activators of PI3K pathway which activates AKT and, in turn, inhibits glycogen synthase kinase (GSK3-β); thereby the pro-apoptotic signal mediated by GSK3-β is inhibited [11]. Insulin also reduces inflammation via regulating the inflammasome and the innate immunity [51,52]. In addition, insulin regulates metabolism of neurotransmitters and adjusts the sensitivity of post-synaptic receptors [53]. Moreover, insulin modulates the oxidative stress produced in astrocytes via IGF receptors [54].