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Explosive terrorism characteristics of explosives and explosions
Published in Robert A. Burke, Counter-Terrorism for Emergency Responders, 2017
Fulminates, ammonium nitrate, and azides are inorganic explosive compounds. Fulminate ions, CNO, are unstable; thus, the salts of fulminates are friction-sensitive explosives. Metals are attached to the CNO ion forming an explosive metal fulminate. Fulminates are among the oldest explosive compounds and have been around since the 1800s. Mercury fulminate was the first inorganic explosive discovered. (Organic explosives and other compounds usually contain carbon and no metals, inorganic explosives and other compounds usually do not, but contain metals.) Mercury(II) fulminate, Hg(ONC)2, is the most common fulminate and used as the primary explosive in detonators.
Applied Chemistry and Physics
Published in Robert A. Burke, Applied Chemistry and Physics, 2020
Fulminates, ammonium nitrate and azides are inorganic explosive compounds. Fulminate ions, CNO, are unstable; thus, the salts of fulminates are friction-sensitive explosives. Metals are attached to the CNO ion forming an explosive metal fulminate. Fulminates are among the oldest explosive compounds and have been around since the 1800s. Mercury fulminate was the first inorganic explosive discovered. Mercury II fulminate, Hg(ONC)2, is the most common fulminate and is used as the primary explosive in detonators.
Introduction
Published in Ajoy K. Bose, Military Pyrotechnics, 2021
It is interesting to understand the difference between pyrotechnic composition and other high energy materials like primary explosives (initiators), secondary explosives, composite explosives and propellants, which is given below.Primary explosives (Initiators): These are high energy materials, having low energy of activation, highly sensitive to external stimuli like spark, friction, impact and heat and can initiate the detonation of a relatively insensitive explosive. Examples are lead azide, mercury fulminate, lead styphnate, etc.Secondary and composite explosives (High explosives): These are high energy materials, having high enegy of activation, least sensitive to external stimuli, detonate on suitable initiation to create ground burst or airburst, create shockwaves, shatter and penetrate. Examples are TNT, RDX, PETN, CE(Tetryl), pentolite, cyclotol etc.Propellants: These are high energy materials, sensitive to external stimuli, and on initiation burn to propel projectiles (bombs, shells, etc.) and rockets and pressurise piston devices or rotate turbines and gyroscopes. Examples are single base propellants (contains nitrocellulose (NC) as main ingredient), double base propellants (contains NC and nitroglycerine (NG) as main ingredients), triple base propellants (contains NC, NG and Picrite (nitroguanidine) as main ingredients), high energy propellants (contains RDX with nitrocellulose), composite propellants (contains NC, NG, AP, Al and HTPB), etc.Pyrotechnics: These are high energy materials, generally less sensitive and produce special effects like visible radiation, infrared radiation, heat (fire/flame/flash), gas, smoke and sound, etc. Such a wide variety of special effects is not exhibited by any other high energy material.
An overview over dinitramide anion and compounds based on it
Published in Indian Chemical Engineer, 2020
EM’s compounds are basically made up of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N) and oxygen (O) molecules, along with the presence of metals like lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), potassium (K), etc. [3]. EM’s which are composed of only C, H, N and O are ammonium dinitramide (ADN) [NH4N(NO2)2], ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), HNIW (hexanitro hexaazaisowurtzitane) [C6H6N6(NO2)6], etc. On the other hand, explosives consisted of metals along with C, H, N, or O are potassium nitrate (KNO3), sodium azide (NaN3), mercury fulminate [Hg(CNO)2], etc. However, EM’s with high oxygen and nitrogen content in its molecular structure are highly desirable for applications such as in environmentally safe rocket/ missile propulsion, explosives and pyrotechnics. Some of the new energetic materials of this class are tinitramides, tetrazoles, azides, heterocyclic N-oxides, nitramines, nitroamines and dinitramides [4].
Theoretical study on mechanism of decomposition reaction of 1,2,4-triazole derivatives
Published in Molecular Physics, 2022
Renyi Wang, Suqin Zhou, Jin Li, Chenhong Xu, YanLi Zhang, Zi Chen
The primary explosive is a type of sensitive energetic materials that can burn or explode under certain external mechanical, thermal, electrical, and laser stimulation from the outside, which initiates a subsequent reaction. For more than 100 years, the mercury fulminate, lead azide and lead styphnate have been used as the main primary explosives. However, with the development of related technologies for pyrotechnics, the disadvantages of traditional explosives have become more and more obvious. For example, it is sensitive to mechanical stimulation, chemically unstable, etc. [1]. Therefore, a new type of primary explosive that is safe and environmentally friendly, with suitable sensitivity and high energetic, has become chemists’ main goal [2–9].
Analysis of gunshot residues from nontoxic ammunition: a contribution to health and environmental analysis
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2022
Francisco Sílvio Maia, Margarida Correia Marques, André Casimiro de Macedo, Carlos Costa Matos, Maria Valderez Ponte Rocha
Mercury is another element with high toxicity (see also[20]). It is present as mercury (II) fulminate, Hg (CNO)2, which is a primary explosive that is very sensitive to friction and impact, and is often used as an initiator for other explosives in detonators and fuses. Mercury (II) cyanate, despite having the same chemical formula, presents a different arrangement of its atoms as the cyanate and fulminate ions are isomers. The weapons’ industry has long been replacing mercury fulminate with lead styphnate (2,4,5-lead trinitroresorcinate), lead azide, and tetrazene derivatives, which are more effective, non-corrosive, less toxic, and more stable over time.