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Sensitivity
Published in John A. Conkling, Christopher J. Mocella, Chemistry of Pyrotechnics, 2019
John A. Conkling, Christopher J. Mocella
Friction sensitivity studies have shown a relationship to ignition temperature and heat of reaction, but the critical factor in friction sensitivity appears to be the presence in a composition of a significant amount of a “gritty” or hard, granular component. Such a material, when exposed to frictional action, will generate “hot spots” that can lead to ignition. Metal particles are a particular concern in the generation of frictional “hot spots.” The addition of titanium to fine black powder has been shown to have a significant effect on the friction sensitivity as well as the impact sensitivity of the composition, as shown in Table 7.2 (Wharton, et al. 1993). Impact sensitivity increased as the proportion of titanium increased, while friction sensitivity was the greatest for compositions containing 20%–30% titanium metal by weight.
Explosives
Published in Michael L. Madigan, First Responders Handbook, 2017
Sensitivity refers to the ease with which an explosive can be ignited or detonated, that is, the amount and intensity of shock, friction, or heat that is required. When the term sensitivity is used, care must be taken to clarify what kind of sensitivity is under discussion. The relative sensitivity of a given explosive to impact may vary greatly from its sensitivity to friction or heat. Some of the test methods used to determine sensitivity relate to Impact: Sensitivity is expressed in terms of the distance through which a standard weight must be dropped onto the material to cause it to explode.Friction: Sensitivity is expressed in terms of what occurs when a weighted pendulum scrapes across the material (it may snap, crackle, ignite, and/or explode).Heat: Sensitivity is expressed in terms of the temperature at which flashing or explosion of the material occurs.
Pyrotechnic Composition Sensitivity
Published in Ajoy K. Bose, Military Pyrotechnics, 2021
Friction sensitivity is a measure of tendency of the composition to ignite under friction stimulus. It is measured as the force that must be applied between a pair of frictional surfaces. To determine the friction sensitivity created due to pyrotechnic composition being nipped and crushed between two surfaces, certain friction sensitivity tests have been devised. The old method known as the Mallet Test for determining friction sensitivity is shown in Figure 2.4.
A new oxygen-rich and poly-nitrogen energetic complex: synthesis, properties of high energy materials and catalytic decomposition of ammonium perchlorate
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2021
Bing Li, Huan Song, Huanping Wu, Jiakai Wang, Xiaoyan Tian, Xiaoxia Ma
In both civilian applications and military energetic devices, an important parameter to assess the safety of EMs is the sensitivity, which was classified according to the U.N. Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods. The impact sensitivity value of 1 is more than 40J, whereas the impact sensitivity for TNT is 15J under the same test condition. No friction sensitivity is observed up to 360N for 1. Complex 1 exhibits low sensitivity, attributed to the advantage of structures with lots of hydrogen bonds to increase the stability.
A Methodological Approach to Select a Suitable Azodicarbonamide Based Airbag Gas Generant
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2023
Jeyabalaganesh G, Sivapirakasam S P, Sreejith Mohan, Aravind S.L, Harisivasri Phanindra K
The BAM friction tester was utilized to assess the gas generant in the stoichiometric ratio for friction sensitivity measurements. The gas generator mixture was subjected to a varying frictional load of up to 360N. Despite this, no indication of ignition was found. Based on the BAM friction standard, it is possible to infer that all of the gas generant mixtures investigated for the study are safe up to the Limiting Impact Energy of 23 J and hence insensitive to frictional load.