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Banana Inflorescence and to Find the Interactions on Molecular Docking for PCOS
Published in Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Phytomedicine, 2020
M. C. Kamaraj, Suman Thamburaj, R. Akshaya, V. Bhanu Deepthi
Procedure: The amount of phenol in the test sample of banana florets’ extract was determined with a Folin-Ciocalteu reagent using this method. Two hundred microliters of the diluted sample was added to 1 mL of 1:10 diluted Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. After 4 minutes, 800 µL of saturated sodium carbonate (75 g/L) was added. After 2 hours of incubation at room temperature, the absorbance at 750 nm was measured. Gallic acid (0–500 mg/L) was used as the standard calibration curve. The absorbance was read at 750 nm spectrometrically. The sample was analyzed in triplicate. The Folin-Ciocalteu reagent being sensitive to reducing compounds including polyphenol, produced a blue color upon reaction which was measured spectrophotometrically.
Effect of particle size and mixing on the laccase-mediated pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for enhanced saccharification of cellulose
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2020
Ashwin Gaikwad, Anjali Meshram
The degradation of lignin by P. ostreatus leads to the formation of aromatic compounds in the reaction mixture. Lignin is degraded into the phenolic compounds such as 4-ethoxy-3 methoxybenzaldehyde, guaiacol, gallic acid, vanillic acid, and protocatechuic acid. Therefore, the estimation of total phenolic compounds content was performed using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Various concentrations of TPC were determined by taking samples at regular interval of time. The data is presented in Figure 4 for various particle sizes under consideration. It was observed that highest yield of TPC was observed for 45 μm particle size and it decreases with the increase in particle size of the B. bamboo. For 45, 70, 90, and 105 μm particles, TPC was observed as 10.80, 10.20, 8.90, and 5.90 µg/ml, respectively, at the end of 28 days of incubation of B. bamboo.
Antimicrobial and antileukemic effects: in vitro activity of Calyptranthes grandifolia aqueous leaf extract
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2020
Fernanda Majolo, Shanna Bitencourt, Bruna Wissmann Monteiro, Gabriela Viegas Haute, Celso Alves, Joana Silva, Susete Pinteus, Roberto Christ Vianna Santos, Heron Fernandes Vieira Torquato, Edgar Julian Paredes-Gamero, Jarbas Rodrigues Oliveira, Claucia Fernanda Volken De Souza, Rui Felipe Pinto Pedrosa, Stefan Laufer, Márcia Inês Goettert
To determine the amount of the extract’s total phenolic compounds (TPC), the Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method (Bonoli et al. 2004) was applied using a standard curve prepared with gallic acid. Briefly, 2 µl extract was added to 158 µl distilled water in a 96-well microplate, followed by 10 µl Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The reaction mixture was pre-incubated for 2 min at room temperature and then 30 µl 20% Na2CO3 (w/v) was added and mixed. After one hr reaction in the dark, the absorbance was measured at 765 nm (SpectraMax 190, Molecular Devices Co., Sunnyvale, CA, USA) against blank solution (prepared by the same procedure described above but replacing Folin-Ciocalteu reagent for the same amount of water) and used to calculate the phenolic content. The TPC is expressed as milligrams of gallic acid equivalents per gram of dry extract (mg GAE/g).
Encapsulation of antioxidant compounds in biopolymer micelles
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2020
Jolanta Pulit-Prociak, Małgorzata Kabat, Ewelina Węgrzyn, Michał Zielina, Marcin Banach
Obtaining birch leaf extract: Extraction was performed using a Soxhlet apparatus. Water (300 mL) which serves as extracting solvent was placed in a round-bottomed flask. Dried and ground birch leaves (7 g) were placed in a cellulose filter cup which was inserted into the Soxhlet chamber. A flask with solvent was heated under reflux. The extraction process was conducted for 5 h. The obtained extract was stored at 5 °C. The content of total polyphenol compounds in the obtained extract was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu method, according to a known protocol (Blainski et al. 2013). The method is based on colorimetric assessment when using Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, which consists of phosphomolybdic and phosphotungstic acids (Ballesteros et al. 2017). In an alkaline environment, phenolic compounds which are present in the analyte are oxidized while the salts are reduced. The reaction product is characterized by a blue color. Briefly, an aqueous solution of Folin–Ciocalteu reagent at a concentration of 100 mg/dm3, an aqueous solution of sodium carbonate at a concentration of 0.7076 mol/dm3, and an aqueous stock solution of gallic acid at a concentration of 0.0065 mol/dm3 were prepared. By a dilution method, a series of gallic acid solutions with known concentrations were prepared. The analyzed sample contained 0.5 cm3 of analyte (gallic acid standard solution, extract or water in the case of the blind test), 2.5 cm3 of Folin–Ciocalteu reagent solution and 2 cm3 of sodium carbonate solution. After 15 min of storage under dark conditions, their absorbance against water as reference material was measured at λ = 765 nm. The results were provided as a gallic acid equivalent.