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Energy extraction and conversion
Published in Kornelis Blok, Evert Nieuwlaar, Introduction to Energy Analysis, 2020
Kornelis Blok, Evert Nieuwlaar
Since the mix of distillation product is different from what the market for oil products demands, further processing is needed. In general, most demand is for automotive fuels. Some important conversion processes are: Cracking: making lighter products out of heavy compounds, like fuel oil. There are various cracking processes. Most used is fluid catalytic cracking (FCC), making use of a fluid catalyst. The products are gasoline and diesel oil.Reforming: making gasoline out of lighter compounds, like naphtha. Catalytic reforming is undertaken by passing the hot feedstock through a catalytic reactor. In the process of combining smaller molecules to larger ones, hydrogen atoms are removed, so hydrogen (H2) is a by-product of this process.
Chemicals from Paraffin Hydrocarbons
Published in James G. Speight, Handbook of Petrochemical Processes, 2019
The conventional process for olefin is steam cracking of C2–C4 low-boiling paraffin derivatives from natural gas or from refinery gas streams. However, the increasing demand for gaseous fuel and the rising price of natural gas have limited the supply of light hydrocarbon derivatives. As an answer to this increasing demand, fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is traditionally the dominant refinery conversion process for producing high-octane gasoline. Driven by an increased demand for light olefin derivatives worldwide, fluid catalytic cracking is also an option to yield petrochemical feedstocks from heavy oils through the innovation of hardware, operating parameters, and catalyst formulation. In this respect, a number of fluid catalytic cracking technologies have been developed including: (i) deep catalytic cracking (DCC), (ii) the catalytic pyrolysis process (CPP), (iii) ultimate catalytic cracking (UCC), and (iv) high-severity fluid catalytic cracking (HSFCC) (Parkash, 2003; Gary et al., 2007; Speight, 2014a; Hsu and Robinson, 2017; Speight, 2017).
Methanol Conversions
Published in Saeed Sahebdelfar, Maryam Takht Ravanchi, Ashok Kumar Nadda, 1 Chemistry, 2022
Saeed Sahebdelfar, Maryam Takht Ravanchi, Ashok Kumar Nadda
Zeolites have well-defined micropores (that are suitable for molecular shape selectivity), large specific surface areas, suitable acidity and high physical and chemical stability and can be used in different processes related to detergency, separation, gas adsorption and catalysis. For example, for the removal of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions from water (containing high minerals), molecular sieves and zeolites can be used as water softeners. On the other hand, molecular sieves and zeolites can be used as adsorbents for CO2 separation from N2 or CH4 . They can also be used for selective NOx reduction in vehicle exhaust gases. In petrochemical processes and petroleum refining, such as FCC (fluid catalytic cracking) and HC (hydro-cracking), zeolites and molecular sieves are used as efficient heterogeneous catalysts. Isomerization, Friedel-Crafts alkylation, reforming and dewaxing are other examples of catalytic technologies based on zeolites and molecular sieves (Tian et al., 2015).
Prediction of the product yield from catalytic cracking (MIP) process by an 8-lump kinetic model combined with neural network
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2018
Junfeng You, Fangfang Ma, Fusheng Ouyang
Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC), one of the fundamental technologies in heavy oil processing, currently is the major approach to produce gasoline, diesel oil and low carbon olefins (Xu 2014). In order to meet the requirement of rapid upgrading of gasoline quality, there are a series of new FCC processes that have been developed to reduce gasoline olefins content and produce more propylene in China, such as maximizing iso-paraffins (MIP; Xu et al. 2001), two-stage riser FCC (TSRFCC; Yang et al. 2005), flexible dual-riser FCC (FDFCC; Liu 2002). Further research on the kinetic models of these processes is of great significance to guide the optimization of process simulation. Generally, lump is an effective method to study the kinetic of FCC (Jacob et al. 1976). Based on the reaction mechanism of FCC, scholars have established the 6-lump model of the TSRFCC process (Liu et al. 2007), 10-lump model of the FDFCC process (Ouyang et al. 2015), 12-lump model of MIP process (Zong et al. 2010). However, the mechanism modeling is too ideal, which can not completely simulate the uncertainties and disturbances of the industrial processes. In addition, it is difficult to describe most chemical processes with an accurate mechanism, thus greatly increasing the difficulty of modeling.
Processing of secondary cracking light cycle oil by combined process
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is an essential means of lightening heavy oil, which plays an important role in petroleum refining. FCC is characterized by the cracking of paraffins and naphthenes in the feed and cannot break aromatics (Da-dong 2005). Therefore, a large amount of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are usually enriched in light cycle oil (LCO), which is more prominent when there is a large proportion of residue in the feedstock or when LCO is recycled(Manchanda, Tyagi, and Sharma 2018).