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Modular Nuclear Reactors
Published in Yatish T. Shah, Modular Systems for Energy and Fuel Recovery and Conversion, 2019
Transatomic Power Corp is planning to develop a single-fluid MSR using very low-enriched uranium fuel (1.8%) or the entire actinide component of used LWR fuel. The TAP reactor has an efficient zirconium hydride moderator and a LiF-based fuel salt bearing the UF4 and actinides, hence a very compact core. The secondary coolant is FLiNaK salt to a steam generator. The neutron flux is greater than with graphite moderator and therefore contributes strongly to actinide burning. It would give up to 96% actinide burn-up. Fission products are mostly removed batchwise and fresh fuel added. Decay heat removal can be done by convection. After a 20 MWt demonstration reactor, the envisaged first commercial plant will be 1,250 MWt/550 MWe running at 44% thermal efficiency with 650°C in primary loop, using steam cycle. A version of the reactor may utilize thorium fuel [1,8–10,56–58].
Refractory Metal and Alloy Coatings Deposited by Magnetron Sputtering
Published in Ken N. Strafford, Roger St. C. Smart, Ian Sare, Chinnia Subramanian, Surface Engineering, 2018
Refractory metal and alloy coatings have applications at elevated temperatures where improvements in wear corrosion, oxidation, or erosion resistance are required. Chromium can be electrodeposited from aqueous electrolyes; however, to electrodeposit other refractory metals, molten salt electrolytes are normally required. The FLINAK process [1] is a molten salt process and is used to deposit refractory metals such as niobium and tantalum. The process, however, is operated at approximately 800°C, which for hardened and tempered steel substrates, is well above the tempering temperature, and this results in a degradation in the steel mechanical properties.
Electrodeposition of Elemental Semiconductors
Published in R.K. Pandey, S.N. Sahu, S.N. Sahu, S. Chandra, Handrook Of Semiconductor Electrodeposition, 2017
R.K. Pandey, S.N. Sahu, S.N. Sahu, S. Chandra
Molten fluoride baths employed for the deposition of silicon often use either a binary eutectic mixture of alkali fluorides LiF + KF or a ternary eutectic of LiF + NaF + KF (FLINAK). The fluoride baths offer excellent features for molten salt electrolysis. They form low-melting eutectics with low vapor pressures, low viscosity, high ionic conductivity, and stability over a wide potential range. The fluorides are also believed to act as fluxing agents for surface oxides, exposing a clean surface to the electrolyte. This is essential to obtain high-quality silicon films with good adhesion to the substrate. Another positive influence of the fluorides is believed to be that they reduce the roughness and porosity of the deposit arising from the transport limitation by forming stable fluoride ion complexes in the bath.
A Critical Review of Fluoride Salt Heat Transfer
Published in Nuclear Technology, 2020
FLiNaK [LiF−NaF−KF (46.5 − 11.5 − 42.0 mol %)], one of the most popular fluoride salts, was first studied at ORNL during the Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion Program. Heat transfer experiments were first conducted in 1952 for pure FLiNaK in a horizontal circular tube.33 Gas pressure forced salt between two Inconel®–600 pots via a test section with a mixing chamber on each end. Heat input came from low-voltage alternating current (ac) passing through the test section wall, a method sometimes referred to as direct or resistive heating. Temperatures were measured by thermocouples on the outside of the tube and in each mixing chamber. Based on the temperature rise and electric power input, the experimental data were compared to the Colburn j-Factor, given in Eq. (2):
Convective and Radiative Heat Transfer in Molten Salts
Published in Nuclear Technology, 2020
FLiNaK consists of three alkali halides, 46.5LiF-11.5NaF-42KF mol %. The absorption coefficient of an alkali halide mixture, i.e., FLiNaK, could be estimated by the number density average of the constituents22 as