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Final Machining
Published in David W. Richerson, William E. Lee, Modern Ceramic Engineering, 2018
David W. Richerson, William E. Lee
Flame polishing is used primarily for reducing the size and quantity of surface flaws in small-diameter rods or filaments, especially of sapphire or ruby (single-crystal Al2O3). Flame polishing is conducted by rotating the rod or filament and passing it through a H2–O2 flame such that the thin surface layer melts. Noone and Heuer25 reported bend strengths for flame-polished ruby and sapphire in the range of 4000–5000 MPa (580,000–724,000 psi) compared to approximately 300 MPa (43,500 psi) for as-ground specimens. Stokes26 compared the tensile strength of flame-polished single-crystal Al2O3 with other surface preparations. His results are summarized in Table 15.9.
Usage of on-demand oxyhydrogen gas as clean/renewable fuel for combustion applications: a review
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2021
Osama Majeed Butt, Muhammad Shakeel Ahmad, Hang Seng Che, Nasrudin Abd Rahim
According to a report of Nathanial Gronewold, a total carbon emission is approximately 43.1 billion tons out of which 36.8 billion metric tons is only due to industrial activities and burning of fossil fuels. It is now an hour of need to find new and renewable alternatives that replaces the fossil fuel burning. Recently, multiple investigative studies started employing oxyhydrogen flame as heating source due to its carbon-free combustion and high safety. By employing oxyhydrogen system, there is no need to store flammable liquid or gaseous fuels in confined laboratory environment. The only stock fuel is water. Oxyhydrogen flame has been employed to investigate gasification characteristics of polymeric materials (Bai et al. 2020). It is also useful for high temperature heat treatments (Ishigaki et al. 2020,23; Shojaie-ahaabad 2020), flame polishing of materials for fiber-optic (Ross et al. 2020) and characterization of materials at high temperatures (Chiulan et al. 2020; Sanz-Robinson, Sugiyama, and Williams-Jones 2020). It has also been used to melt quartz glass capillaries (Dudel, Hallermann, and Heckmann 2000). In another study, oxyhydrogen gas is used by poppers for explosion to generate a banging noise for prevention of fish migration (Schwevers and Adam 2020). In recent studies, oxyhydrogen is being involved in waste treatment. It can be used as combustible fuel for incineration or even for power generation (Van Vliet, Campbell, and Chambers 2007). In addition to treat waste, exhaust from combustion of waste enriched with oxyhydrogen gas can be condensed and recover water. Not only solid waste, but oxyhydrogen gas has showed potential in treating wastewater. This help in saving 20% to 30% of total energy required for this treatment (Van Vliet, Campbell, and Chambers 2007).