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Membrane Technology for Green Engineering
Published in Neha Kanwar Rawat, Tatiana G. Volova, A. K. Haghi, Applied Biopolymer Technology and Bioplastics, 2021
Supriya Dhume, Yogesh Chendake
The reaction between carboxylic acid and alcohol is understood because the Fischer esterification. It is one amongst the foremost vital reactions of carboxylic acids. Most carboxylic acids are appropriate for the reaction; however, the alcohol ought to usually be a primary or secondary alkyl. Tertiary alcohols are liable to elimination. Once an acid and an alcohol are mixed along, no reaction takes place. However, upon addition of chemical action amounts of an acid, the two components are mix with equilibrium method to contribute an ester and water. The presence of the acid catalyst within the mechanism of ester formation helps in two ways: It causes the carbonyl perform (makes the carbonyl carbon a lot of electrophilic) to bear nucleophilic attack by the alcohol; and protonation of the hydroxyl group offers water, that could be a superior leaving group (i.e., weaker base) within the elimination step. Ordinarily used catalysts for a Fischer esterification sulfuric acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, and Lewis acids.
Pharmaceuticals
Published in James G. Speight, Handbook of Petrochemical Processes, 2019
Benzocaine can be prepared from p-aminobenzoic acid and ethanol by the Fischer esterification reaction or by the reduction of ethyl p-nitrobenzoate. In the Fischer esterification reaction, a carboxylic acid (R1CO2H) is treated with an alcohol (R2OH) in the presence of a mineral inorganic acid catalyst to form the ester (R1COOR2).
Modeling and optimizing the synthesis of isopropyl acetate over niobium pentoxide using experimental design methodology coupled with artificial neural network
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2023
Aline C. M. Trindade, Heveline Enzweiler, Nina P. G. Salau
The main route for the synthesis of esters is the Fischer esterification (Fischer and Speier 1895), where a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol to produce an ester and water. Thermodynamic equilibrium controls this reaction, and the water produced causes hydrolysis of the ester, making the reaction reversible. Thus, to shift the balance toward product formation, the water is removed by pervaporation or reactive distillation. Another option is the use of excess alcohol (Knozowska et al. 2020; Martínez et al. 2020; Salt et al. 2020; Q. Zhang et al. 2019).
New insights into reaction-diffusion kinetic coupling in the esterification of acetic acid with isopropanol over niobium pentoxide
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2023
Aline C. M. Trindade, Heveline Enzweiler, Nina P. G. Salau
Fischer esterification, first studied by Fischer and Speier (1895), is a reversible reaction that occurs between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol, which has ester and water as products. Methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, isobutanol and n-butanol (Şimşek and Şahin 2019; Krzyżyńska et al. 2020; Liu et al. 2019; Hu et al. 2020; Izci and Bodur 2007) are some of the alcohols used in acetic acid esterification. Equation (1) represents the esterification of acetic acid and isopropanol.