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Glossary of scientific and technical terms in bioengineering and biological engineering
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Scientific and Technical Terms in Bioengineering and Biological Engineering, 2018
Transgenesis is the introduction of exogenous DNA into a cell. Typically, this term refers to the introduction of a gene into an embryo or other eukaryotic cell. In general, this DNA will insert into the genome at random, although specific loci can be targeted. The size of the DNA molecule introduce can be small (a few basepairs) to quite large (over 100 Kb).
Governing gene-edited crops: risks, regulations, and responsibilities as perceived by agricultural genomics experts in Canada
Published in Journal of Responsible Innovation, 2023
Sarah-Louise Ruder, Milind Kandlikar
Nonetheless, GE techniques – especially, clustered regularly inter-spaced short palindromic repeats sequences and associated enzymes (CRISPR) – are making revolutionary contributions in many domains, including disease diagnosis and treatment, pharmacogenetics, and modifying the genomes of plants and animals (Hartung and Schiemann 2014; The Nobel Prize 2020). In 2020, Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna jointly won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their research on CRISPR-Cas9, even if GE innovation is the result of international and interdisciplinary research since the 1990s (The Nobel Prize 2020). GE techniques enable ‘edits’ of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA) that delete, insert, or modify specific genes or sequences. When compared to earlier techniques, GE is more precise, more versatile, more efficient, less expensive, and easier to execute (Xu, Hua, and Lang 2019). These tools can modify genomes without the introduction of exogenous DNA – as opposed to transgenic insertions of genes from one organism to another to produce GM crops (Jones 2015). Without ‘foreign’ DNA, GE modifications are cis-genic and can be traceless, indistinguishable from natural mutations (Hartung and Schiemann 2014).
Comparison of qPCR and traditional beach monitoring methods at select Great Lakes beaches and the impact on beach management
Published in Lake and Reservoir Management, 2020
Aaron Campbell, Greg Kleinheinz
When considering adoption of qPCR-based enumeration methods it is important to consider whether increases in beach closures will increase public health protection or close the beach due to artifacts resulting from the methodology, such as exogenous DNA in the environment. It is important to know whether the change in beach actions are due to a change in the number of false positives and false negatives (Figures 2–5) relative to cultural-based methods or are a result of actual water conditions.
Hexavalent chromium bioremediation with insight into molecular aspect: an overview
Published in Bioremediation Journal, 2021
Sreejita Ghosh, Amrita Jasu, Rina Rani Ray
Certain modifications in molecular level can enhance the metal-protein binding on the surfaces of the algal membrane by means of over-expression or introduction of exogenous DNA to form transgenic algae. It has been found that transgenic algae perform better in bioremediation as compared to raw algae (Cheng et al. 2019). Transgenic algae can be synthesized by molecular or chemical extraction techniques or nanoparticle (NP) synthesis method.