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Controlled Release of Therapeutic Proteins
Published in Munmaya K. Mishra, Applications of Encapsulation and Controlled Release, 2019
Arruje Hameed, Tahir Farooq, Kanwal Rehman, Muhammad Sajid Hamid Akash
Proteins suspended in organic solvent and polymeric solutions in an appropriate water-miscible organic solvent are used for injectable implants, and the protein-loaded implants are formed after in vivo injection. After administration, the insoluble polymer is precipitated when organic solvent diffuses into the surrounding tissues. The therapeutic protein becomes trapped in the precipitated polymer matrix. Polymers generally used for such systems include polyesters such as polycaprolactone (PCL), poly(glycolic acid) (PGA), PLA, and PLGA. A long list of solvents with different polarities, including glycofurol, polyethylene glycol (PEG)500-dimethylether, benzyl benzoate, ethyl acetate, triacetin, ethyl benzoate, ethanol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and dimethyl formamide (DMF) have been used to dissolve a variety of polymers during a number of studies. In recent in vivo studies, glycofurol and PEG-alkyl ether were found to be biocompatible and well-tolerated solvents for PLGA implants.45–47 Studies revealed that PLGA polymer shows minimal degradation when used in a relatively compatible solvent such as glycofurol. Such systems are employed for the controlled delivery of therapeutic proteins in active form with minimum dose frequency. Variables such as burst release, porosity of implant, and gelling rate influenced both the rate of release and the time duration for phase inversion implants/systems. Further, these factors are found to be dependent on solvent system, polymer type, crystallinity, molecular weight, concentration, and additives.48,49
Fluid Properties
Published in W. M. Haynes, David R. Lide, Thomas J. Bruno, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 2016
W. M. Haynes, David R. Lide, Thomas J. Bruno
Dodecane 1-Dodecanol Epichlorohydrin 1,2-Ethanediol Ethanol Ethanolamine Ethoxybenzene 2-Ethoxyethanol Ethyl acetate Ethyl acetoacetate N-Ethylaniline Ethylbenzene Ethyl benzoate Ethyl butanoate Ethyl formate Ethyl hexanoate Ethyl hexyl ether 3-Ethylpentane Ethyl pentanoate Ethyl propanoate Fluorobenzene Formic acid Furan Furfuryl alcohol Germanium(IV) chloride Glycerol Heptanal Heptane Heptanoic acid 1-Heptanol 3-Heptanone 4-Heptanone 1-Heptene Heptyl acetate Heptyl butanoate Heptyl formate Heptyl propanoate Hexadecane Hexa uorobenzene Hexane Hexanedinitrile Hexanoic acid 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanone 1-Hexene Hexyl acetate Hexylbenzene Hexyl butanoate Hexyl formate Indan Iodobenzene 1-Iodobutane Iodoethane 1-Iodohexane 1-Iodononane 1-Iodopentane 1-Iodopropane 2-Iodopropane Isopentane Isopropylbenzene
Organocatalysis with carbon nitrides
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2023
Sujanya Maria Ruban, Kavitha Ramadass, Gurwinder Singh, Siddulu Naidu Talapaneni, Gunda Kamalakar, Chandrakanth Rajanna Gadipelly, Lakshmi Kantham Mannepalli, Yoshihiro Sugi, Ajayan Vinu
By sequential calcination and sulfonation of g-C3N4, Verma et al. reported sulfonated graphitic carbon nitride, (S-g-C3N4), a polar and strongly acidic catalyst with exceptional reactivity and selectivity in biodiesel synthesis and esterification reactions at room temperature. The acid strength is expected to be higher due to the anticipated positive charge developed on the nitrogenous framework after the attachment of -SO3H. During the esterification of oleic acid, a complete conversion to methyl oleate happened in 4 h [182]. The group investigated a wide range of fatty acids and their analogs for esterification and biodiesel production. All the long-chain fatty acids were converted into corresponding methyl esters, irrespective of the unsaturation in fatty acids. Further, studies with ethyl benzoate and ethyl cinnamate using methanol solvent showed the equilibrium shift to corresponding methyl ester in very high yields (>98%). A larger concentration of methanol, which is utilized as a reaction medium in transesterification, may be the cause of the reaction’s rightward solidification.