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Comparison of three solvents for extractive distillation of ethanol and water system
Published in Alka Mahajan, Parul Patel, Priyanka Sharma, Technologies for Sustainable Development, 2020
Tushar Perkar, Naitik Chokshi, Milind Joshipura*
Ethyl Alcohol is dominantly produced through fermentation of sugar and starch and is industrially also produced through the process of ethylene hydration. It is highly miscible in water. Ethanol has variety of uses in our everyday life such as it serves as raw materials, solvents, transportation fuels, preservatives, additives and also as an intermediate in various chemical industries. Ethyl alcohol and water azeotrope is often encountered during the ethyl alcohol production through fermentation process. Because of high utilization of ethyl alcohol around us, separation of ethyl alcohol water mixture proves to be mandatory. Ethyl alcohol forms a homogeneous azeotropic (positive or minimum boiling) mixture with water at 95.5 mol% at atmospheric pressure (shown in Figure 1) and therefore for further ethyl alcohol and water separation, simple distillation separation technique cannot be effectively used. In our research study, we concentrated on the use of extractive distillation technique for the effective dehydration of ethyl alcohol using different solvents as mentioned below:
INDUSTRIAL ORGANIC SOLVENTS
Published in Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff, Industrial Solvents Handbook, Revised And Expanded, 2003
Manufacture - Ethyl alcohol is derived from two main processes, hydration of ethylene and fermentation of sugars. Hydration of ethylene is the primary method for the industrial production of ethyl alcohol, while fermentation is the primary method for production of beverage alcohol. Traditionally, industrial ethanol is manufactured via the acid catalyzed hydration of ethylene. One synthetic route of alcohol by hydration of ethene involves the use of concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Unfortunately the use of sulfuric acid complicates the process due to concerns about safety, corrosion, and the environment. Current technology allows alcohol to be produced by utilization of zeolites or silica aerogels impregnated with phosphoric or tungstic acid. The distinct advantages of this process are that the reaction can be a one stage process, the catalyst is regenerated, and concerns about safety, corrosion, and the environment are diminished. This method has been chosen due to the relative low cost of the ethylene.
List of Chemical Substances
Published in T.S.S. Dikshith, and Safety, 2016
Ethyl alcohol is a colorless flammable liquid with a typical lower alcohol odor and is mis-cible in water in all proportions. It is stable and hygroscopic. It is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, peroxides, acids, acid chlorides, acid anhydrides, alkali metals, ammonia, and moisture. Ethyl alcohol forms explosive mixtures with air. Ethyl alcohol is the most common solvent used in aerosols, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, alcoholic beverages, vinegar production, and in the chemical synthesis of a large variety of products in different industries. For instance, in the manufacture of plastics, lacquers, polishes, plasticizers, perfumes, adhesives, rubber accelerators, explosives, synthetic resins, nitrocellulose, inks, preservatives, and as a fuel.
Evaluation of petroleum additives’ effect on a motorcycle engine
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2023
Ethanol known as ethyl alcohol is a flammable, volatile, colourless and toxic compound with an agreeable odour. The molecular formula for ethanol is C2H5OH. Ethanol is a fuel produced mainly from crop materials such as sugarcane and corn, which makes it an attractive additive for petrol as a mileage booster for reducing dependence on fossil fuels. Ethanol has a higher octane number which provides premium blending properties and also has higher heat of vaporisation which can improve the energy efficiency of fuel. Hence, the second selected additive for this research work is ethanol. Camphor appears colourless or white colour crystalline powder with a strong odour. Camphor emits flammable vapours and burns readily with a bright, smoky flame. The molecular weight of camphor is 152.23 and the chemical formula is C10H16O. Camphor is used to increase the octane rating for fuel for racing purposes. Therefore, the third selected additive for this research work is Camphor. The objective of this study is to compare the mileage and exhaust emissions of three promising mileage boosters in a petrol engine of a two-wheeler. This study is intended to serve as an initial screening of the fuels to investigate the level of benefit that can be achieved through alternative fuels. The emission changes are compared through direct boosters added to fuels in the petrol engine. The engine was not modified to account for possible performance differences due to variations in the fuel properties.
Production technologies, current role, and future prospects of biofuels feedstocks: A state-of-the-art review
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2020
Arianna Callegari, Silvia Bolognesi, Daniele Cecconet, Andrea G. Capodaglio
In the transesterification process an alcohol reacts with vegetal/algal (bio)oil in presence of a catalyst. Ethyl or methyl-alcohol is used to produce ethyl/methyl esters. Once the reaction is complete, two different layers (ethyl or methyl ester, and glycerin) appear, and can be separated. The vegetable oil reacts with methanol (mixed with catalyst), resulting in raw biodiesel and glycerin production. The glycerin is refined prior to other uses. Raw biodiesel is also refined, separated from alcohol that can be re-used in the production cycle (Shahid & Jamal, 2011). Transesterification rate is strongly influenced by temperature, with higher reaction rates at higher temperatures (and shorter reaction time). However, the reaction is normally conducted in mild heating conditions (50–60 °C), below the boiling points of the alcohols involved (about 60–78 °C for methanol and ethanol, respectively) (Karmakar et al., 2010; Verdugo et al., 2011).
Bio-oil production via fast pyrolysis of cassava residues combined with ethanol and volcanic rock in a free-fall reactor
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2023
Koson Rueangsan, Adcha Heman, Pakkip Kraisoda, Homhuan Tasarod, Keyoon Duanguppama, Somsuk Trisupakitti, John Morris
Ethanol, C2H5OH or ethyl alcohol, is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid; it is naturally produced by the fermentation of sugars, from cassava, sugar cane and other plants, by yeasts or via petrochemical processes. It is widely used in foods, in medicine, as an antiseptic and disinfectant, and in science and industry, as a solvent. Ethanol is also used as a clean-burning fuel source (Goettemoeller & Goettemoeller, 2007).