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Biocatalysts: The Different Classes and Applications for Synthesis of APIs
Published in Peter Grunwald, Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis, 2019
More than 10 years earlier, Baeckvall and his group (Pàmies and Baeckvall, 2001) developed an efficient kinetic resolution of racemic β-hydroxy nitriles via Candida antarctica lipase (Novozyme-435)-catalyzed transesterification in toluene at 80°C with 4-chlorophenyl acetate as acylating agent. A variety of racemic alkyl, aryl, and aryloxymethyl substituted β-hydroxy nitriles was efficiently transformed to the corresponding enantiomerically pure acetates. The combination with a Ru-complex-catalyzed alcohol racemization led to a DKR enabling the synthesis of enantiomerically pure acetates with ee’s up to 99%, and yields up to 85%. Examples are the synthesis of Denopamine and Propanolol precursors (see the below scheme). Denopamine is an orally administered drug acting as a β1 adrenergic receptor (ADRB1) agonist and used to treat angina as well as congestive heart failure and for clearing pulmonary edema. Propranolol, already detected 1964, belongs to the drug class of non-selective beta blockers. It is used to treat among others high blood pressure, cardiovascular hypertension, angina pectoris, tachyarrhythmia, myocardial infarction, or tachycardia and is administered intravenously or orally. The drug is on the World Health Organization’s List of Essential Medicines (WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (19th List)”; World Health Organization. April 2015).
Green Supply Chain Management
Published in Matthew N. O. Sadiku, Emerging Green Technologies, 2020
Pharmaceutical industry: The pharmaceutical industry plays a unique role in delivering life-saving products/services to our society. The main objective of the pharmaceutical industry is to build the necessary support systems for healthcare by providing essential medicines. GSC initiatives can help to improve the pharmaceutical industry through recycling unwanted medicines and disposing of medicines in an eco-friendly manner [10].
When risks need attention: adoption of green supply chain initiatives in the pharmaceutical industry
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2019
Anil Kumar, Edmundas Kazimieras Zavadskas, Sachin Kumar Mangla, Varun Agrawal, Kartik Sharma, Divyanshu Gupta
In order to satisfy customer demands, a robust supply chain is essential for the flow of goods/information/money through proper channels (Chopra and Meindl 2001; Bai and Sarkis 2014). In the pharmaceutical industry, drugs are produced, transferred and consumed. Therefore it must be considered somewhat different from other physical goods supply chains due to its significance, storage, transportation and regulations (Narayana et al. 2014; Settanni, Harrington, and Srai 2017; Moktadir et al. 2018a). The primary goal of the pharmaceutical industry, while trying to be profitable, is to build the necessary supports for healthcare systems by providing essential medicines at the right time and to the right place (Settanni, Harrington, and Srai 2017).