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Tracers
Published in Werner Käss, Tracing Technique in Geohydrology, 2018
Most of the laboratory animals were albinos, which could have made them more susceptible to the photolytical dye decay (Grützner 1939). In the tests with rhodamine 3G and erythrosine, none of the animals developed tumours; nor did they in the tests using fluorescein, which was firstdissolved in olive oil and then injected. The tests from Umeda not only subjected the animals to an unusually high circulatory stress by always injecting the dye in the same spot on the animal, they most likely also reduced their resistance. Umeda conceded that similar tests with harmless solutions of glucose, glycogen, fructose, galactose and lactose could also produce sarcomas. Furthermore, he cited co-workers who reported neither tumours nor liver damage after having fed rats rice with 0.1–0.2% rhodamine B for over 200 days, which is over 2 g per animal.
An overview of the biosorption mechanism for the bioremediation of synthetic dyes using yeast cells
Published in Environmental Technology Reviews, 2021
M. Danouche, H. El Arroussi, W. Bahafid, N. El Ghachtouli
Colour has always played a crucial role in human everyday life, and in many cultural events. Until the end of the nineteenth century, dyes were produced only from natural sources. The synthetic dye area is widely recognized as having begun in 1856, when W. H. Perkins (1838–1907) serendipitously discovered Mauveine. This discovery paved the way for the synthesis of new chemical colouring agents [38]. Since then, challenges have been and remain to be resolved on how to meet the growing demand for synthetic dyes for various industrial applications, in particular food processing, cosmetics, plastics, textile industries and tanning [39]. With the production of new dye molecules, a variety of classification schemes have been suggested. The most commonly used is based on chemical structure or on their method of application to different substrates (plastics, paper, textile fibres, and leathers). On the basis of the chemical classification, different dye families can be distinguished, the largest class includes Azo dyes such as monoazo (Yellow reactive 4), diazo (Black reactive 5) and triazo dyes (Direct blue 71). They constitute 70% of the world’s annual dyes production. Meanwhile, Anthraquinone dyes (Acid blue 62, Reactive blue 19 …) are also a large class of dyes after Azo dyes. Different other classes include Indigo dyes (Blue acid 74, and Indigo blue), Xanthene dyes (Erythrosine B, Fluorescein), Phthalocyanine dyes, Nitrated and Nitrosated dyes, Diphenylmethane, Triphenylmethane and Polymethinic dyes [40]. Synthetic dyes can also be classified in two families according to their application. Several dyes belonging to the class of water-soluble dyes are particularly Acid dyes (anionic dyes), Basic dyes (cationic dyes), Reactive dyes, Direct dyes and Metalliferous dyes [41]. Regarding water insoluble dyes, the main classes are Vat dyes, Sulfur dyes, and Disperse or dispersible dyes [40] (Figure 1).