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Biodegradable Polymers in Controlled Drug Delivery Systems
Published in Munmaya K. Mishra, Applications of Encapsulation and Controlled Release, 2019
Anurakshee Verma, Prabhat Kumar, Ufana Riaz
Such systems release the drug at a particular time rather than rapidly after administration. An initial portion may be released promptly after administration. Enteric-coated dosage forms are common delayed release products (enteric-coated aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory [NSAID] products). Delayed release systems can be used to protect the drug from degradation in the low-pH environment of the stomach or to protect the stomach from irritation by the drug. In this case, drug release should be postponed until the dosage has reached the small intestine. For such drug delivery systems, polymers are generally used to achieve the aim of delayed release. The tablet can be coated with a suitable polymer for release systems. The polymer dissolves at a particular pH, and the drug is transported from the low-pH fluid (stomach) to the higher-pH fluid (small intestine). When the polymer dissolves in the fluid, the drug undergoes release.
Guidance on Formulating Compressed Solids
Published in Sarfaraz K. Niazi, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Formulations, Third Edition, 2019
Some drugs are destroyed by gastric juice or cause irritation to the stomach. These two factors can be overcome by coating the tablet with cellulose acetate phthalate. This polymer is insoluble in gastric contents but readily dissolves in intestinal contents. So, there is a delay in the disintegration of the dosage form until it reaches the small intestine. Like coated tablets, enteric-coated tablets should be administered in the whole form. The broken or crushed form of the enteric coated tablet causes destruction of the drug by gastric juice or irritation to the stomach. Enteric-coated tablets are comparatively expensive.
Removal of duloxetine from aqueous solution by adsorption onto chemical crosslinked alginate beads
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2022
Pinar Ertuğruloğlu, Hayrettin Ozan Gulcan, Ayodeji Olugbenga Ifebajo, Amirhossein Fallah, Mustafa Fethi Sahin, Mustafa Gazi
Duloxetine is relatively a new, safe, and effective antidepressant drug used to treat generalized anxiety disorders, major depressive disorders, fibromyalgia, and diabetic peripheral neurotic pain.[8,9] It is also employed for the treatment of urinary retention problems in kids and elders.[10,11] As an aryloxyalkylamine, it belongs to the class of antidepressants that are commonly known as selective serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) and is usually available in the hydrochloride form. DLU enteric-coated capsule is sold in the USA under the brand name Cymbalta. In 2013, DLU was the seventh best selling prescription drug in the USA with sales in the order of $5 billion (Cymbalta sales data; https://www.drugs.com/stats/cymbalta accessed online August 2, 2019). Interestingly, few studies have reported the presence of duloxetine in waste water effluents and surface water located downstream of wastewater treatment plants in the order of ng/L.[12,13] As is well known, conventional wastewater and water treatment plants are not capable of degrading residues of these chemicals, and as a result, they are readily introduced into the aquatic environment.[14] Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new, efficient, and economical technologies to completely eradicate this drug before it is released into the aquatic ecosystem.
Improved skin-permeated diclofenac-loaded lyotropic liquid crystal nanoparticles: QbD-driven industrial feasible process and assessment of skin deposition
Published in Liquid Crystals, 2021
Tejashree Waghule, Shalini Patil, Vamshi Krishna Rapalli, Vishal Girdhar, Srividya Gorantla, Sunil Kumar Dubey, Ranendra Narayan Saha, Gautam Singhvi
Diclofenac diethylamine (DDE) is one of the most potent NSAIDs (Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) used as first-line therapy to reduce pain/inflammation. It is indicated for musculoskeletal diseases like osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Osteoarthritis involves severe joint pain and inflammation due to cartilage degeneration and affects millions of people worldwide. Diclofenac shows its action through inhibition of the cyclooxygenase pathway (COX-2 enzyme inhibition) and modulation of arachidonic acid utilisation which is involved in inflammation and pain signalling [1]. It is currently available in the market in different dosage forms like dispersible tablet, sustained-release tablet, enteric-coated tablet, capsule, suppository, injection, and eye drops. All these formulations have different advantages but diclofenac is inherently associated with certain limitations like shorter half-life (2–3 h), high first-pass metabolism, poor bioavailability (40–60%), high dosing frequency, adverse effects related to the gastrointestinal system and cardiovascular system. Thus, to overcome all these limitations associated with the effective delivery of diclofenac, a non-oral delivery system turns out to be the best option for long-term therapy [2].
Development of onion oil-based organo-hydrogel for drug delivery material
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2023
Duygu Alpaslan, Tuba Erşen Dudu, Nahit Aktas
It was observed that the highest and lowest Ceftriaxone release rate of organo-hydrogels loaded with the same amount of Ceftriaxone continued for 3 and 11 days, respectively, and the release rate reached equilibrium at the end of this period. AG, p(AG-m) and p(AG-g) maximum Ceftriaxone release were 8% at pH 8.0, 7.8% at pH 2.0 and 8.2% at pH 2.0, respectively. Moreover, AG, p(AG-m) and p(AG-g) maximum carboplatin release were 1.76 ± 0.06%, 1.64 ± 0.04%, and 2.55 ± 0.05% at pH 7.4, respectively. The amounts of drugs released from the organo-hydrogels system was given in Table 5. The highest drug release rates occurred at pH 5.5 and pH 2.0. When drug release was compared between p(AG-m-OO) organogels, it is seen that the minimum release was also in p(AG-m-OO)1 organogel. Unlike Ceftriaxone release from organo-hydrogels, Carboplatin release reached 95 ± 0.05% release rate within 1 day. Moreover some of the other reported material at literature was HAP-2 (porosity of 2% Hydroxyapatite)(34.78% Ceftriaxone), HAP-4 (49.65% Ceftriaxone), HAP-6 (64.65% Ceftriaxone), HAP-8 (75.01% Ceftriaxone) and HAP-10 (92.61% Ceftriaxone),[42] Citrus-Pectin (CP) (97.2% Ceftriaxone), CP:PVA 1:02 (97.7% Ceftriaxone, 7 days), CP:PVA 1:04 (79.2% Ceftriaxone, 7 days), CP:PVA 1:06 (69.2% Ceftriaxone, 7 days),[43] p(AG-g-PmO) organo-hydrogels (72.3% at pH 7.4) and p(AG-m-PmO) organo-hydrogels (69.8% at pH 2.0),[24] pure drug (100% Carboplatin), CP-loaded PEGylated MWCNTs (95% Carboplatin) and enteric-coated PEGylated MWCNTs (95% Carboplatin)[12] so on.