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Electroactive Polymers for Environmental Remediation
Published in Inamuddin, Mohd Imran Ahamed, Rajender Boddula, Adil A. Gobouri, Electroactive Polymeric Materials, 2022
The electron transfer function of CPs can be used for pollutant remediation via electrocatalytic reduction or oxidation.41 An example of electrocatalytic reduction is the treatment of highly mobile chromium (Cr) containing ions, such as Cr2O72−/CrO42− with PPy or composites of PPy with carbon nanotubes and cellulose fibers.42,43 This may mainly involves two processes, the chemical interaction between PPy and CrO42− that is caused by the difference in reduction potential44 and the exchange of anions that is driven by electroneutrality that is a result of polymer oxidation.45 In electrocatalytic oxidation, a electrocatalytic species of the pollutants to be removed is introduced and dissolved into the polymeric matrix, which works as an oxidizer. An example is the oxidation of arsenic [As(III)] to the much less toxic As(V).46
Magnetic Nanosensors
Published in Vinod Kumar Khanna, Nanosensors, 2021
Outer-sphere electron transfer is, by definition, intermolecular. Electron transfer is the process by which an electron moves from one atom or molecule to another atom or molecule. Outer-sphere electron transfer occurs between identical or dissimilar chemical species, differing only in their oxidation state. Here, the participating redox centers are not linked via any bridge during the electron event, so that the electron hops through space, from the reducing center to the acceptor.
Chemical Methods
Published in Jerome Greyson, Carbon, Nitrogen, and Sulfur Pollutants and Their Determination in Air and Water, 2020
In electrochemical cells, the components of the two half cells are generally separated by a porous membrane, allowing electron transfer to occur only through the external circuit. However, when two couples with different Nernst potentials are allowed to come in contact with one another, electron transfer also occurs. That is, a redox reaction ensues. Thus, one may titrate a reducing (or oxidizing) agent against a reducible (or oxidizable) analyte, and the equivalence point is the point at which essentially all the analyte is converted to its reduced (or oxidized) form.
Frequency dependence of microwave-assisted electron-transfer chemical reactions
Published in Molecular Physics, 2020
Electron-transfer reactions are with the transfer of an electron from one molecule to another through the intermolecular space or along the covalent bridges transforming them into the ion couplings of donor and acceptor molecules. There are several types of these reactions initiated by thermal interactions, infra-red (IR), optical and ultra-violet (UV) irradiation, phonon excitation, and high-frequency oscillation of molecules. The reactions can be initiated in solids, liquids, and gaseous matter. In heterogeneous cases, they occur at the boundary of a solid and liquid. An exciting area of research is the electron-transfer reactions near the nano solid particles, third molecules, catalysts, and in living matter. In many cases, these reactions are altered by polar solvers transferring thermal energy to the reactants and influencing the electron’s paths in the phase space of chemical reactions [1–4].
Electronically varied manganese tris-arylacetamide tripodal complexes
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2019
Anthony F. Cannella, Roshaan Surendhran, Samantha N. MacMillan, Rupal Gupta, David C. Lacy
Electron transfer is a critical component in the chemistry of life processes and energy science. In particular, the reduction of O2 is a key step in respiration and fuel-cell technology and thereby provides the need to gain fundamental understanding of the mechanisms involved [1, 2]. Synthetic molecular transition metal catalysts are attractive candidates for mechanistic studies with O2 activation because they can mimic the natural chemistry of metalloproteins and are often more selective than solid-state catalysts. However, the real practicality of molecular transition metal catalysts is the potential for detailed mechanistic investigations achieving atom precise information and the ability to employ a wide range of physical organic techniques that otherwise cannot be used on solid state or even enzymatic systems.
Effect of thiosulphate/H2S on crevice corrosion behaviour of P110 carbon steel in CO2-saturated solution
Published in Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology, 2020
Lijin Dong, Xiaolong Zhang, Yifeng Li, Qinying Wang, Li Liu, Huaibei Zheng
The reduction of H2CO3, HCO3− and H+ are the possible cathodic reactions in the CO2-saturated solution. The cathodic reactions with corresponding equilibrium electrode potentials that determined via the Nernst equation are expressed in reactions (10)–(12):where , and are the standard electrode potential (in V) of reactions (10)–(12), respectively, as listed in Table 4, R is the gas constant (8.314 J mol−1 K−1), T is the Kelvin temperature, n is the number of electron transfer, F is the Faraday constant (96500 C). The anodic reactions are the oxidation of Fe shown in Equations (13)–(16):where , , and are the standard electrode potential of reactions (14)–(16), respectively, as listed in Table 4. Based on the concentrations of H2CO3, HCO3−, CO32− and H+, the equilibrium electrode potentials of reactions (10)–(12) and (14)–(16) can be calculated, as listed in Table 5.