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Introduction to Mechatronic Systems
Published in Bogdan M. Wilamowski, J. David Irwin, Control and Mechatronics, 2018
An electrical battery is a set of many electrochemical cells, used to convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. In recent years, due to the popularization of mobile products, such as digital camera, cell phone, and personal media player, the acid-or alkali-based battery has become a common power source for many household and industrial applications. Batteries may be used once and discarded, or recharged for years, as in standby power applications. Primary batteries can produce current immediately on assembly. Disposable batteries are intended to be used once and discarded. Secondary batteries must be charged before use; they are usually assembled with active materials in the discharged state. Rechargeable batteries or secondary cells can be recharged by applying electrical current, which reverses the chemical reactions that occur during their use. A battery’s characteristics may vary over load cycle, over charge cycle, and over lifetime due to many factors, including internal chemistry, current drain, and temperature.
Experimental study and numerical simulation of the kinetic energy recovery of the mine’s exhaust gas
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2021
Yefeng Jiang, Xiaochuan Li, Wu Xiang, Li Wang, Pinwei Liu, Jiawei Li
A three-blade wind turbine with a unit capacity of 10 W, which provided airflow in a horizontal direction, was used in this study. The generated electric power was stored in electric battery; the direct current (DC) was converted into the alternating current (AC) via the DC regulator device and inverter. The power testing system mainly included the incandescent lamp with a rated voltage of 12 V and a rated power of 3 W, a (UNI-T)UT30F handheld digital multimeter (Shenzhen Huaiyuejingdu Science and Technology Co., Ltd.), with a DC measurement accuracy of ±0.5%) and an ETCR6000 DC/AC clamp-on leakage amperemeter (Guangzhou Yitai Electronic Science and Technology Co., Ltd.). The latter had a measuring range of 0 ~ 60 A, a resolution of 1 mA, a measuring precision of ±2% rdg±5dgt, and a sampling rate of 2 times per second.
Environmental sustainability of public transportation fleet replacement with electric buses in Houston, a megacity in the USA
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 2021
Hongbo Du, Raghava Rao Kommalapati
In the LCA simulations with the GREET model, the life-cycle emissions are categorised as WTP, WTW, and total life cycle. WTP represents the well-to-pump stage; WTW, namely well-to-wheels, covers both stages of WTP and pump-to-wheels where fuel is consumed to power the vehicle wheels. The total life cycle means that the simulations include all the stages of fuel, vehicles, and necessary facilities and infrastructure, such as crude oil exploration and diesel production, electricity generation, electric battery packs, plug-in chargers used for electric buses, vehicle fabrication, vehicle maintenance, etc. The air pollutant emissions of total LCA between the three types of buses in 2020 are presented in Figure 3. The electricity consumption and fuel use in the use phase, i.e. vehicle operation, was computed in LCA based on the fleet travel distance, similar to the proposed evaluation method in a previous LCA study for diesel and electric buses (Cooney, Hawkins, and Marriott 2013).
Market Basis for Salt-Cooled Reactors: Dispatchable Heat, Hydrogen, and Electricity with Assured Peak Power Capacity
Published in Nuclear Technology, 2020
In electricity systems with large capacities of wind or solar photovoltaic generation, excess electricity is produced at times of high wind or solar output. Coupling FIRES and NACC enables storing this electricity as high-temperature heat for peak power production, effectively operating as an electric battery. The round-trip efficiency is greater than 70% because the electricity-to-heat efficiency is near 100% and the incremental peaking heat-to-electricity efficiency can be as high as 75%. This system has two potential advantages over batteries and other electricity storage systems. First, the capital cost—heat storage plus the incremental added cost for peaking capability in the gas turbine—is expected to be less. Second, if heat storage is depleted, assured peak electricity production is still possible by burning natural gas, hydrogen, or biofuels. With batteries and other electricity storage technologies, a separate gas turbine must be added to the system to provide assured generating capacity if electricity storage is depleted.